Microbiology Lab Practical I
Terms
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- This is the light source for the microscope. It is found in the base of the microscope.
- Illuminator
- This is a two lens system that collects and concentrates light from the illuminator, then directs the light into the Iris diaphragm.
- Abbe condenser
- This small lever found on the condenser regulates the amount of light that enters into the lens system.
- Iris diaphragm
- A platform used to place the slide on. It has a hole in the center that allows light from the illuminator to pass through, thus lighting the specimen on the slide.
- Mechanical stage
- The revolving part that contains the objectives
- Nosepiece
- What you look through
- Oculars or eyepieces
- Enlargement of specimen
- Magnification
- The ability of the lens to show two adjacent objects as distinct entities
- Resolving power
- The bending power of light
- Refractive Index
- This allows the image to remain largely in focus, with only minor adjustment needed when switching from one objective lens to another.
- Par focal
- Always multiply the objective lens (4X, 10X, 40X or 100X) value by the ocular lens value (10X) to give you the total magnification by which you are viewing the specimen
- Total magnification
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A more positively charged colored dye will have an affinity for the negatively charged components of the cell it will stain. Dyes are cationic.
Examples: Methylene blue, crystal violet, carbol fuschin - Basic Stains
-
A more negatively charged colored dye will have an affinity for positive components of the cell it will stain. Dyes are anionic.
Examples: Picric acid - Acidic Stains
- What is the purpose of heat-fixing specimens?
- The purpose of heat-fixing specimens is to allow the proteins within the cell wall to coagulate so the organism will stick to the glass slide.
- A method of staining that differentiates between Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. The results of this stain depend upon the cell wall of the bacterium.
- Gram Stain
-
Name Gram Stain's 4 reagents in the following order:
Primary Stain
Mordant
Decolorizing Agent
Counterstain -
Primary Stain - Crystal Violet
Mordant - Gram's Iodine
Decolorizing Agent - 95% Ethanol
Counterstain - Safranin - In Gram Staining, what is the purpose for the primary stain, Crystal Violet?
- All cells will stain purple/violet in color
- What is the purpose for the mordant, Gram's Iodine?
- The iodine will bind with the Crystal Violet to form a CV-I complex that locks within the peptidoglycan of the bacterium (cell wall).
- When Gram Staining, what is the purpose for the decolorizing agent, 95% Ethanol?
-
The ethanol will perform 2 actions:
i. It is a lipid solvent, so the outer membrane of the Gram negative bacteria will melt away and washes out the CV-I complex, leaving the Gram negative bacteria colorless.
ii. It will dehydrate proteins within the Gram positive cells which close the pores of the cell wall, locking in the CV-I complex.
Decolorizing is the most critical step of Gram staining. - When Gram Staining what is the purpose for the counterstain, Safranin?
-
Because the outer membrane of the Gram negative bacteria has been melted away and the CV-I has been washed off, safranin can stain these cells. These will stain pink.
Gram positive cell pores have been sealed shut, so safranin cannot enter into these cells. These will remain purple/violet. - Cultures that are old (more than 48 hours) will lose their ability to maintain the crystal violet stain and will decolorize very easily - what is the name given to these cultures?
- Gram variable - These cultures are distinguishable because the morphology is consistent throughout the microscopic field of view, but the Gram result is not. You would see some that are Gram negative and some that are Gram positive.
- What is a substance that is produced within the cytoplasm of the bacterium and secreted to the outside of the cell wall where it encapsulates the bacterium. It is generally composed of mucoid polysaccharides, polypeptides, or glycoproteins.
- Capsule
- What is the purpose of the Capsule?
- Enhance virulence
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Capsule stains must NOT be heat-fixed or washed with water.
Capsules are difficult to stain, so the background will be stained. This is called? - Negative Stain
- What are the two reagents used in Negative Staining?
- Crystal Violet and 20% Copper Sulfate
- What is the primary stain in Negative Staining?
- Cystal Violet
- What is the decolorizing agent in Negative Staining?
- 20% Copper Sulfate
- What is the counterstain in Negative staining?
- 20% Copper Sulfate
- What is the purpose of the Crystal Violet in Negative Staining?
- Everything on the slide will be stained purple.
- What are the purposes for the 20% Copper Sulfate in Negative Staining?
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a. 20% CuSO4 decolorizes by removing the crystal violet
b. Cells will take up the copper sulfate, while the background will remain violet/purple. - Name a differential stain used to detect cells capable of retaining a primary stain when treated with acid alcohol. The acid-alcohol cannot decolorize the cells.
- Acid-fast stain
- Acid-Fast Stain is important for the identification of which bacteria?
- Mycobacterium
- Mycobacterium synthesize an outer molecule composed of a thick waxy (lipid) substance called?
-
Mycolic acid
Mycolic acid helps protect against the immune system, but also repel stains. - Name two members of the genus Mycobacterium?
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae
- What is required to remove the thick waxy mycolic acid?
- Heat
- What is the primary stain used in Acid-Fast Stains, and what is its purpose?
-
Carbol Fuschin
This hot pink stain is lipid soluble and the heat will help it penetrate through the mycolic acid - What is the decolorizing agent used in the Acid-Fast Stains, and what is its purpose?
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Acid Alcohol
This will decolorize everything on the slide except acid-fast bacterium - What is the counterstain used in the Acid-Fast Stain, and what is its purpose?
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Methylene Blue
Only non-acid-fast organisms present will stain blue - A differential stain used to detect the presence and location of spores.
- Endospore stain
- Name two generra that produce spores?
- Clostridium and Bacillus (Gram + rods).
- Name the 3 reagents used in endospore staining.
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Malachite Green
Tap Water
Safranin - Name the primary stain used in endospore staining, and its purpose.
-
Malachite green
Malachite green must be applied with heat to penetrate the multiple protein coats surrounding the spores
The endospore and vegetative part of cell will accept the primary stain - Name the decolorizing agent used in endospore staining, and its purpose.
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Tap water
Because malachite green is water soluble, any excess malachite green will be washed away, but stain within the spore will not be removed
Stain within the vegetative cells will be washed away, leaving them colorless - Name the counterstain used in endospore staining, and its purpose.
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Safranin
Vegetative cells will now accept the safranin and be stained red/pink
Endospores will remain green or clear - What is the production or formation of spores called?
- Sporogenesis
- As favorable conditions return, the free spore will germinate back to what kind of a cell?
- Vegetative Cell
- Microbiologists use the term _______ to refer to an increase in the population of microbes, rather than size.
- Growth
- The result of the increase in population is a ________ an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell.
- Colony
- Name the organisms that utilize an inorganic carbon source (i.e. CO2) as their sole carbon source. They make organic compounds from CO2 and don’t need to feed on organic compounds from other organisms to acquire C.
- Autotrophs
- Organisms that catabolize reduced organic molecules (i.e. proteins, carbs, amino acids, fatty acids) that are acquired from other organisms
- Heterotrophs
- Organism that acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals
- Chemotrophs
- Organisms that use light as their energy source
- Phototrophs
- Organisms that acquire electrons or H atoms from inorganic sources (i.e. H2, NO2-, H2S, Fe2+) are called ________?
- Lithotrophs
- Organisms that acquire electrons (as part of hydrogen atoms) from the same organic molecules that provide them Carbon and energy are also called ________?
- Organotrophs
- Oxygen is necessary for this organism because it serves as the final electron acceptor of the ETC
- Obligate aerobes
- Oxygen is deadly for this group of organisms because it is an oxidizer and will steal electrons away from the ETC.
- Obligate anaerobes
- Aerobic organisms that can maintain life via fermentation or anaerobic respiration, though their metabolic efficiency is often reduced in the absence of oxygen. Ex. Escherichia coli
- Facultative aerobes
- These organisms do not use aerobic metabolism, but tolerate oxygen by having some enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonous forms. Ex. Lactobacillus
- Aerotolerant aerobes
- Aerobes that require oxygen levels of 2-10%. These types of bacteria have limited ability to detoxify H2O2 and superoxide radicals. Ex. Helicobacter pylori
- Microaerophiles
- Molecular oxygen with electrons to boost it to a higher energy state. It is highly reactive (oxidizing) and is used by certain WBCs to kill pathogens.
- Singlet oxygen
- Reactive and toxic, some aerobic organisms will produce an enzyme called superoxide dismutase to detoxify it. Anaerobes are susceptible to oxygen because they do not produce a superoxide dismutase enzyme.
- Superoxide radical
- An enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of a superoxide into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
- Superoxide dismutase
- If an organism lacks the catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, it will be susceptible to ________?
- Peroxide anion
- Enzyme breaks down H2O2 without forming O2, using a reducing agent such as the coenzyme NADH:
- Peroxidase
- Name this radical that results from the incomplete reduction of H2O2. This is the most reactive of the 4 forms.
- Hydroxyl radical
- The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into compounds, such as ammonia.
- Nitrogen fixation
- ___________ is often the growth-limiting nutrient.
- Nitrogen
- ________ is acquired from organic and inorganic nutrients. For example, all cells recycle _________ from their amino acids and nucleotides.
- Nitrogen
- 95% of the dry weight of cells is made up of what 4 chemicals?
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Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
(The rest is made up of P, S, Mn, Mg, Cu, Fe and a few others called trace elements) - ____________ such as vitamins, amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, cholesterol, NADH, and heme are elements that some organisms cannot manufacture themselves. These growth factors must be acquired from another source.
- Growth factors
- Name three physical requirements of microorganisms.
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Temperature
pH
Physical Effects of Water - Proteins ________ when they lose their three-dimensional structure or "conformation") and thus their characteristic folded structure.
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Denature
Temperature – affects the three-dimensional configuration of biological molecules. Specifically, proteins require proper folding into a three-dimensional shape to function properly. This folding is determined in part to temperature-sensitive H-bonding which form at lower temps, and break at high temps. When the bonds break, the proteins unfold (denature), and functionality is lost. Therefore, temp regulation is important in microbial growth. - What is the lowest temperature at which an organism is able to conduct metabolism. Bacteria can survive, but the metabolic activity is affected in a negative way.
- Minimum growth temperature
- What is the highest temperature at which an organism continues to metabolize. If the temperature exceeds this value, the proteins are permanently denatured. When the proteins are denatured, functionality is lost and the organism will die.
- Maximum growth temperature
- Temperature at which an organism’s metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate.
- Optimum growth temperature
- An organism survives over a range of temperatures, which spans from the minimum to maximum growth temps.
- Temperature range
- Organisms that grow best at temps below 15 degrees C. These organisms grow in ice, snow, etc.
- Psychrophiles
- Organisms that grow best at temps ranging from 20 degrees C to 40 degrees C though they can survive at higher and lower temps.
- Mesophiles
- Organisms are mesophilic organisms that can survive brief periods of high temps. Examples would be organisms that cause spoilage in pasteurized and canned food.
- Thermoduric
- Organisms that grow at temps above 45 degrees C in environments such as compost piles and hot springs.
- Thermophiles
- Some members of the Archaea grow at temps above 80 degrees C or even above 100 degrees C. These types of bacteria generally do not cause human disease.
- Hyperthermophiles
- Give the expression pH.
- pH=−log10[H+]
- What is meant by pH?
- Range of numbers expressing the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution. In general, pH values range from 0 to 14. The pH of a neutral solution, i.e., one which is neither acidic nor alkaline, is 7. Acidic solutions have pH values below 7; alkaline, or basic, solutions have pH values above 7.
- What bacteria prefer a neutral pH (around 6.5-7.5)?
- Neutrophiles
- What bacteria prefer an acidic environment (less than 6.5)?
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Acidophiles
Helicobacter pylori - ________ conditions can inhibit growth of microbes, but there are microbes that prefer these conditions
- Alkaline
- Bacteria that prefer alkaline conditions?
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Alkalinophiles
Ex. Vibrio cholerae - Microbes that are adapted to growth under high osmotic pressure.
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Obligate halophiles
Ex. Organisms that live in Great Salt Lake - Microbes who do not require high salt concentrations, but can tolerate them.
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Facultative halophiles
Ex. Staphylococcus - Organisms that live under extreme pressure.
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Barophiles
Hydrostatic Pressure
Ex. Organisms that live in ocean basins and trenches - Organisms don’t live independently, they live in association with each other, whether they are the same or different species. The name given to such associations is?
- Ecological Associations
- Relationships in which one organism harms or even kills another organism.
-
Antagonistic relationships
Ex. viruses - Individual members of an association cooperate so that each receives benefits that exceed those that would result if each lived by itself. This is called?
- Synergistic relationships
- Organisms live in such close nutritional or physical contact that they become interdependent. This is called?
- Symbiotic relationship
- Complex relationships among numerous individuals, often of different species. These individuals attach as groups to surfaces and then display metabolic and structural traits different than from those expressed by any microbe alone. These are referred to
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Biofilms
It is possible that up to 65% of bacterial diseases are caused by biofilms.
Ex. Dental caries - This process is a response of bacteria in which they “sense†how many other bacteria are in the environment. The bacteria will secrete molecules into the environment that act as signals.
- Quorum sensing
- A sample of a microorganism
- Inoculum
- Collection of nutrients specifically designed to grow bacteria.
- Medium
- Microorganisms that grow from an inoculum OR the act of cultivating microorganisms
- Culture
- Cultures composed of cells arising from a single progenitor, colony-forming units (CFUs)
- Pure culture
- Free of microbial contaminants
- Sterile
- Liquid culture media
- Broths
- Semi-solid media that contains a complex polysaccharide.
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Agars
Agar is indigestible by microbes, will dissolve into water at 100 degrees C and solidify below 40 degrees C. Agars can be poured into petri plates, placed into tubes that are cooled on slants or kept vertical to produce deeps - Medium in which the exact chemical composition is known.
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Defined Media (synthetic media)
Often used to grow fastidious organisms. - Medium that contains nutrients that released by partial digestion of yeast, beef, soy or proteins.
- Complex media
- Name advantages of Complex media over defined media.
-
Supports a wider variety of different microorganisms
Used to culture organisms whose exact nutritional needs are unknown
Ex. Nutrient broth, TSA, MacConkey agar, blood agar - This type of media typically contains substances that either favor the growth of particular microorganisms or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones.
- Selective Media
- Name an example of selective media.
- 1. Eosin, methylene blue, crystal violet dyes, bile salts are included to inhibit growth of Gram-positive bacteria without affecting Gram-negatives.
- This media is formulated so that either the presence of visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearances of colonies helps differentiate among different kinds of bacteria.
- Differential Media
- This media contain compounds that chemically combine with free oxygen and remove it from the medium.
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Reducing media
Ex. Sodium thioglycollate broth (Anaerobic Media) - Special media used to handle clinical specimens when transporting urine, feces, saliva, sputum, blood, or other fluids to ensure that contamination is limited and infection is inhibited.
- Transport Media
- Bacteria reproduce by _________?
- Binary fission
- Binary fission produces _________ growth.
- Exponential
- The time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide.
- Generation time
- The _____________is a graph that plots the numbers of organisms in a growing population.
- Growth curve
- This phase is when the cells are adjusting to their new environment. The cells will not automatically reproduce, but will synthesize enzymes to utilize the nutrients.
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Lag Phase
This phase can last for an hour or for days. - During this phase the bacteria will start synthesizing the chemicals to conduct metabolism in their environment. Then they enter a phase of rapid chromosome replication, growth, and reproduction. The bacterial population increases logarithmically.
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Log Phase
At this stage, the bacteria are more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs and these bacteria are better for Gram staining. - Because the nutrients are becoming depleted and wastes accumulate, and reproduction decreases, cells begin to die at this stage and the number of dying cells equals the number of cells being produced.
- Stationary Phase
- Because nutrients are not being added and wastes are not being removed, the population will die at a rate faster than they are produced. This is the ________ phase?
- Death
- The clinical term for dental cavities is?
- Dental caries
- In a person’s oral cavity, there are many bacteria; however, there are 3 that have a tendency to cause dental cavities. Name these three?
-
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Strepotococcus mutans
Actinomyces odontolyticus -
Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Strepotococcus mutans,
Actinomyces odontolyticus all will ferment carbohydrates that you ingest. When fermented, an end product of Lactic acid is produced, as well as a sticky molecule called _________? - Dextran
- Dextran molecule holds the lactic acid directly against the teeth in a biofilm layer, allowing the acid to break down the calcium and enamel on your teeth⬦a process called?
- Decalcification
- Enamel decalcification begins with a pH of _____ and accelerates when the pH lowers to towards _____.
-
5.5, 4.4
If these molecules are not removed by brushing, you will develop caries. - What test measures the amount of acid produced by the action of lactobacilli on glucose.
- Snyder Test
- To test for the presence of lactobacilli, we will use a differential medium called
- Snyder Agar
- What is the substrate for the Snyder Agar?
- Glucose
- What is the pH indicator for the Snyder Agar?
- Bromcresol green
- What occurs to the media to suggest susceptibility to dental caries?
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Yellow color change within 2-48 hrs
Cultures containing lactobacilli from saliva will show glucose fermentation with the production of acid. This will lower the pH level within the agar, thus reacting with the pH indicator. This will cause a color change to yellow.
No color change is indicative of lower susceptibility. - What are the micro-organisms which ordinarily grow on the various surfaces animal?
- Normal flora
- Name 5 microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the skin.
-
Staphylococci
streptococcus
diphtheroid
bacilli
yeasts
fungi - Name 4 microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the eye (conjunctiva).
-
Staphylococci
streptococci
diphtheroids
neisseriae - Name some microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract.
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Staphylococci
streptococci
diphtheroids
spirochetes
Branhamella
Neisseria
Haemophilus - Name 3 microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the mouth and teeth.
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Anaerobic spirochetes
vibrios
fusiform bacteria - Name some of the microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the intestinal tract - start with upper intestine - then lower intestine.
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Upper intestine – lactobacilli and enterococci.
Lower intestine and colon - 96-99% composed of anaerobes such as members of the genera Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridium and Streptococcus, and 1-4% composed of aerobes, such as coliforms, enterococci, and members of genera Proteus, Pseudomonas, and Candida - Name some microorganisms that make up the normal flora of the genitourinary tract.
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Staphylococci
streptococci
lactobacilli
gram negative enteric bacilli
clostridia
spirochetes
yeasts
protozoa such as Trichomonas - This type of media is used to cultivate Streptococcus species. This organism will demonstrate different types of Hemolytic patterns
- Blood agar
- This type of media is used to cultivate Neisseria species.
- Chocolate agar
- Oxidase Reagent is also called ________?
- Para-amino-di-methyl-aniline-oxalate
- What occurs when an Oxidase Reagent is dropped onto a bit of growth on the Chocolate agar plate?
- There should be an area that turns purple-black, this is a positive result, indicating only that a species of Neisseria is present.
- This type of media is used to demonstrate the presence of the genus Diphtheroids.
- Mueller-Hinton tellurite
- The black coloration when testing for Diphtheroids using Mueller-Hinton tellurite is due to the diffusion of the _______________into the bacteria, where it is reduced into tellurium metal and then precipitates inside the cells.
- Tellurite ions
- What type of media is used to cultivate molds and yeasts?
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Sabouraud Agar
Yeasts will be mucoid on the surface of this agar while molds will be fuzzy with some coloration. - This infection occurs when bacteria move up the ureters from the bladder to the kidneys.
- Cystitis
- This infection limited to the ureters and kidneys.
- Pyelitis
- This is inflammation that results in renal corpuscle damage.
- Glomerulonephritis
- This is inflammation of vagina, can be caused by a protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis.
- Vaginitis
- This is inflammation of bladder, and can be caused by a pathogenic fluke, Schistosoma haematobium.
- Bladder infections
- This is bacteria in the urine.
-
Bacteriuria
Pathological when the colony count is >100,000 bacteria/mL of urine. - Name some bacteria that can cause an urinary tract infection.
-
Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecalis
E.coli
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella
Shigella - Name a protozoa that can cause an urinary tract infection.
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Name a virus that can cause an urinary tract infection.
- Herpes Simplex Type II
- Name a fungi that can cause an urinary tract infection.
- Coccidioides immitis and Candida albicans
- Name a helminth that can cause an urinary tract infection.
- Wuchereria bancrofti
- Give the equation to do a UTI colony count using a calibrated loop.
-
(number of colonies)*(factor that converts loop calibration to 1ml) = Organisms per ml
Loops come in 3 sizes: 0.1 ml, 0.01 ml, 0.001ml.
Incubate for 24 hrs at 37ËšC - Name 3 biochemical tests that can be used to identify Staphylococcus species.
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Mannitol Fermentation
DNase production
Novobiocin Sensitivity. - Name the substrate for Mannitol Salt Agar.
- Mannitol
- Name the pH indicator for Mannitol Salt Agar.
- Phenol red
- Name the three ingredients to Mannitol Salt Agar.
-
7.5% NaCl
Mannitol (substrate)
Phenol red (pH indicator). - What species will grow on Mannitol Salt Agar?
-
All Staphylococcus species.
Enterococcus faecalis (member of Streptococcus family) will also grow and ferment mannitol.
The high salt concentration inhibits most bacteria from growing, however - How do you determine a positive fermentation reaction using Mannitol Salt Agar?
- A positive fermentation reaction turns the media surrounding the growth yellow.
- What Staphylococcus species will ferment Mannitol?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Name the two ingredients in DNase Agar.
-
Polymerized DNA (substrate)
methyl green (color indicator). - Name the substrate in DNase Agar.
- Polymerized DNA
- Name the color indicator in DNase Agar.
- Methyl green
- _________, produced by some bacteria, is a hydrolytic enzyme that will degrade polymerized DNA.
- DNase
- What three bacteria will test positive for DNase Production?
-
S. aureus
S. intermedius
S. xylosus - When performing the DNase Production test, Methyl green will combine with ________?
- Polymerized DNA
- What media is used for Novobiocin Sensitivity testing?
- Mueller-Hinton Agar
- What property does Mueller-Hinton Agar have that allows for the diffusion of the antibiotic Novobiocin through the media in a constant manner.
- Mueller-Hinton Agar is very porous
- How do we determine if an organism is sensitive to Novobiocin when performing the Novobiocin Sensitivity test?
- We look for a Zone of Inhibition.
- What particular species is confirmed with the Coagulase Test?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- __________ DNA cannot bind the methyl green and the green color of the media will fade.
-
De-polymerized
This is a positive test result. - Methyl green will combine with ___________ DNA.
- Polymerized
- _____________ species can be identified by reaction on the Blood agar plates due to their hemolytic patterns
- Streptococcal
- Partial hemolysis of RBCs
-
Alpha
This gives a greenish tint to the media surrounding the growth. - Complete hemolysis of RBCs
-
Beta
The will allow the media to have a clear zone around the growth - No hemolysis of RBCs
-
Gamma
No change in media - Causes the destruction of red blood cells
- Hemolysins
- Act on phagocytes
- Leucocidins
- Can cause a Scarlet Fever Rash
- Erythrogenic toxins
- Hydrolyzes tissue cement
- hyaluronidase
- A fibrinolysin
- Streptokinase
- Destroys viscous tissue debris and genomic material
- Nucleases
- Name five biochemical tests that are used to identify Streptococcal Species
-
Bacitracin & SXT Susceptibility Test
H2S production
MSA growth
Hemoloysis
C.A.M.P. Test - What media is Bacitracin & SXT Susceptibility Test performed on?
-
Blood Agar
Look for Zones of Inhibition
otherwise the organism is resistant - What media is used for the H2S production test?
- Bile Esculin slant
- Organisms positive for H2S production will hydrolyze the ___________ and the end product will react with the iron salts of the media.
- Glycoside esculin
- Mannitol Salt Agar is used to identify which Streptococcal species?
-
Enterococcus faecalis
Growth is the only reaction needed - Fermentation will also occur - What is observed on the Blood agar plates?
- Hemoloysis
- Name 4 Streptococcal species that will have Beta hemolysis.
-
Streptococcus agalactiae
S. equi
S. pyogenes
S. zooepidermicus - Name 3 Streptococcal species that will have Alpha hemolysis.
-
Streptococcus bovis
S. oralis
Enterococcus faecalis - What media is used when performing a C.A.M.P. Test?
- Blood agar
- What two organisms was the C.A.M.P. Test originally developed to distinguish between?
- S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae
- What organism is used to enhance the effects of the C.A.M.P. Test?
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Where the hemolysins from S. aureus and S. agalactiae come together, there will be a blending of hemolysins to produce an _______________ – shaped clear zone.
-
“Arrowhead effectâ€
C.A.M.P. Test - Streptococcus agalactiae is CAMP positive or negative?
- CAMP positive
- Streptococcus pyogenes is CAMP positive or negative?
- CAMP negative
- This type of media will “select for†specific bacterial groups.
- Selective Media
- This type of media will distinguish among morphologically and biochemically related bacterial groups, such as gram-negative rods.
- Differential Media
- What media contains certain chemicals that permit certain bacteria to grow, while inhibiting others.
- Selective Media
- The bacteria that grow on this type of media will incorporate ___________ from the media into their appearance and then produce a characteristic trait that will make them look different from other types of bacteria that grow on the same media.
- Chemicals