Psych Chapters 9, 13, 14
Terms
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- This condition is called _____: stimulation of one sensory modality leading to perceptual experience in another sensory modality.
- synesthesia
- Refers to the absence of senstation.
- Anesthesia
- What are some examples of synesthesia?
-
One woman named Katherine sees in vivid colors letters and numbers printed in black and white.
Other forms of synesthesia include hearing colors, feeling sounds, or tasting shapes. - Synesthesia affects what percent of the population? Is it more common in men or women? Since what century has it been reported?
-
Less than 1 percent.
More common in women.
Reported since the 1700s. - Refers to a combination, or synthesis of sensations.
- Synesthesia
- Synesthesia would be considered an ...
- additional sensory dimension.
-
True or False
Synesthetes have normal vision and color vision? - True
-
True or False
In synesthetes, PET scans have revealed that the intitial pathways for sensory information arrive at the correct areas of the brain. -
True
(i.e., visual information goes to the visual cortex and not to the auditory cortex) - In synesthetes, in what part of the brain does there appear to be cross-communication that does not occur in nonsynesthetes?
- In the somatosensory cortex and associated areas.
- What happens with the sensory information a synesthete receives?
- After initial processing, a different use of the information results in altered perception and, thus, an "altered" state of consciousness.
-
The beginning of chapter 9 begins with discussing ...
The remainder of the chapter is devoted to ... -
the nature of and functions of consciousness.
states of consciousness. - A deviation from the normal waking state is ...
- an altered state of consciousness.
- Consciousness--
- the subjective awareness of mental events.
- When it comes to states of consciousness, what is the most basic distinction?
- Between waking and sleeping, exploring the stages of sleep and the nature of dreaming.
- States of consciousness--
- qualitatively different patterns of subjective experience, including ways of experiencing both internal and external events.
- Changes in interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior throughtout the life span.
- Social Development
- Whose findings established that perceived security, not food, is the crucial element in forming attachment relationships in primates?
- Harry Harlow
- Infants and children raised with little or no human contact are called ...
- feral children.
- Who developed attachment theory?
- John Bowlby
- Harry Harlow referred to the ties that bind an infant to its caregivers as ...
- contact comfort.
- A scientist interested in comparative animal behavior.
- Ethologist
- Who argued that attachment behavior is prewired in humans?
- John Bowlby
- When does the attachment system turn on?
- When a child feels threatened.
- Social thought involves changes in ...
- interpersonal thought, feeling, and behavior throughout the life span.
- Attachment refers to ...
- the enduring ties children form with their primary caregivers; it includes a desire for proximity to an attachment figure, as sense of security derived from the person's presence, and feelings of distress when the person is absent.
- Critical Period
- - an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
- What four patterns of infant attachment have researchers discovered?
- secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized
- Infant attachment patterns reflect a combinatin of ...
- temperament, parental responsiveness, and the interaction of the two.
- Attachment security in infancy predicts ...
- social competence as well as school grades from preschool through adolescence.
- Swiss developmental psychologist, famous for his work with children and his theory of cognitive development.
- Jean Piaget
- Is best known for reorganizing cognitive development into a series of stages.
- Jean Piaget
-
How many types of research designs do developmental psychologists rely on?
What are they? -
Three.
Cross-sectional studies
Longitudial studies
Sequential studies - Prenatal development is divided into how many stages, and what are they?
-
Three.
germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods. - Prenatal development can be disrupted by harmful environmental agents known as ______.
- teratogens (alcohol, Xrays, rubella, and thalidomide are examples)
- Agent affecting embryo or fetus: an agent that interrupts or alters the normal development of a fetus, with results that are evident at birth. (onelook)
- teratogens
- Neural development, both prenatally and throughout childhood, proceeds through ...
- myelination, trimming back of neurons, and increasing dendritic connections.
- Intermodal understanding is ...
- the ability of babies to associate sensations about an object from different senses and to match their own actions to behaviors they observe visually--in the earliest days of life.
- Piaget proposed that children develop knowledge by ...
- inventing, or 'constructing', a reality out of their own experience.
-
According to Piaget, people cognitively adapt to their environment through ...
These are ______ and ______. -
two interrelated processes.
Assimilation and Accomodation - Assimilation means ...
- interpreting actions or events in terms of one's present schemas, that is, fitting reality into one's previous way of thinking.
- Accommodation involves ...
- modifying schemas to fit reality.
- Who proposed a stage theory of cognitive development?
- Piaget
- During the sensorimotor stage, thought primarily takes the form of ...
- perception and action.
- Do children aquire objective permanence gradually or quickly?
- Gradually
- Objective permanence:
- recognizing that objects exist in time and space independent of their actions on or observation of them.
- Sensorimotor children are extremely ______, or ...
- egocentric, or throughly embedded in their own point of view.
- The preoperational stage is characterized by ...
- the emergence of symbolic thought.
- In Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development, what did he called the third stage and why?
- Piaget called it the concrete operational stage because at this point children can operate on, or mentally manipulate, internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible.
- The formal operational stage is characterized by ...
- the ability to reason about formal propositions rather than concrete events.
- Psychologists have criticized Piaget for ...
- underestimating the capacities of younger children, assuming too much consistency across domains, and downplaying the influence of culture.
- The information-processing approach to cognitive development focuses on ...
- the development of different aspects of cognition.
- The concrete operational child understands ...
- conversation--the idea that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable even though superficial properties may change.
- Understanding one's own thinking processes (thinking about thinking).
- metacognitive abilities
- Integrative, or neo-Piagetian, theories attempt to ...
- wed stage conceptions with research on information processing and domain-specific knowledge.
- The most common cognitive declines with age are ...
- psychomotor slowing; difficulty with explicit memory retrival; and decreased speed and efficiency of problem solving.
- Intellectual capacities used in processing many kinds of information.
- fluid intelligence
- The person's store of knowledge.
- Crystallized intelligence.
- What type of intelligence begins to decline gradually in midlife?
- fluid intelligence
- Senile dementia is ...
- a disorder marked by global disturbance of higher mental functions.
- Well over half the cases of senile dementia result from ...
- Alzheimer's disease.
- When is the optimal time to attain native fluency?
- The first three years of life.
- What type of intelligence continues to expand over the life span?
- crystallized intelligence
- After age ___, even near-native fluency is difficult to achieve.
- 12
- Young childrens' speech is _____ speech, omitting all but the essential words.
- telegraphic
- By age ___, children's sentences largely conform to the grammar of their language.
- 4
- Developmental psychology studies ...
- the way humans develop and change over time.
- What are three issues that reverberate throughout all of developmental psychology?
- The roles of nature and nurture, the importance of early experience, and the extent to which development occurs in "stages."
- genetically programmed maturation
- nature
- Maturation refers to ...
- biologically based changes that follow an orderly sequence.
- Environmental events turn genes ...
- on and off.
- Human development is characterized by ...
- critical periods or sensitive periods, and whether development occurs in stages or is continuous is still a matter under discussion.
- learning and experience
- nurture
- critical periods
- periods central to specific types of learning that modify future development
- stages
- relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence
- sensitive periods
- times that are particularly important but not definitive for subsequent development
- What three types of research designs do psychologists primarily use to study development?
- cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.
- Cross-sectional studies compare ...
- groups of subjects of different ages at a single time to see whether differences exist among them.
- Cross-sectional studies are useful for ...
- providing a snapshot of age differences, or variations among people of different ages.