Environmental Hazards
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- What does analgesic mean?
- State of non-pain
- What are the 3 natural sources of aspirin?
- birch, willow, aspen
- 4 positive aspects of aspirin?
- anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, lowers blood pressure, possible anti-cancer agent
- 4 side effects of aspirin?
- Can upset stomach, ulcer of the stomach, allergy to aspirin, reyes syndrom
- What is Aleve chemical name
- neuproxen sodium
- What are the 2 advantages of ibuprofen or neuproxen over aspirin?
- No reyes syndrom and very little upset stomach
- What is tylenol known as?
- Acetaminophen
- 2 postives aspects of tylenol?
- Good anti-pyretic and good analgesic
- Side effect of Tylenol?
- Can cause liver and kidney damage especially with alcohol
- Where do opiates come from?
- Poppy plant
- Name 3 narcotics from the poppy plant?
- morphine, codeine, and heroin
- Side effect of narcotics?
- Addiction
- Two symptoms of physical addiction?
-
1. Build a tolerance of the drug
2. Withdrawal- physical change in the body - Two side effects of stimulants
-
Increase in blood pressure
Depress appetite - Two types of mild stimulants
- caffeine and nicotine
- What is a strong stimulant?
- Natural strong stimulant in the body. adrenaline
- What effect do sedatives/depressants have on the body?
- They slow the breathing process and less oxygen gets to the brain
- Example of a mild sedative?
- antihistamines
- Example of a strong sedative?
- Barbiturates
- Hallucinogenics are ...
- mind altering
- Chemical in marijuana?
- THC- tetrahydrocannibal
- What is hash?
- Resin of hemp
- Where does mesculine come from?
- peyote cactus
- What is psilocybin?
- Mushroom
- Where does bufotenine come from?
- seed of morning glory
- Natural source of LSD?
- moldy rye grain
- Carbohydrates are a source of...
- quick energy
- Proteins are a source of...
- new tissue
- Order in which the body digests...(4)
- alcohol, carbs, fats, proteins
- Carbs are made of what 2 main groups?
- sugars and starches
- Identify what each sugar is: glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose.
-
1. blood sugar
2. fruit sugar
3. milk sugar
4. table sugar - What does it mean when someone is lactose intolerant?
- lack of an enzyme need to break down lactate. lactose is not broken down in the intestines which leads to CO2 gas and H2o (cramps)
- 5 categories of food in a well balanced diet?
- carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals
- Examples of simple sugars?
- Monosaccarides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
- Examples of disaccarides?
- Lactose, sucrose
- Why do marathon runners eat pasta the night before
-
Carbs are an excellent source of energy. When glucose levels rise isulin is released which converts glucose to glycogen.
Want a lot of glycogen storage in muscles. Excercising burns fat and glucose. whe you excercise energy initially comes from glucose and then from stored glycogen. Body tries to maintain a constant level of glucose. if level drops glycogen will be released. - 2 examples of saturated fat oils
- coconut and palm oil
- How many essential amino acids are there?
- 20
- What are vitamins
- Catalysts within the body
- 4 fat soluble vitamins?
- A,D,E,K
- water soluble vitamins
- B's and C's
- Vitamin A can be found in? Function?
- red/orange veggies. good for eye site
- Vitamin D can be found in? Function?
- Green leafy veggies, milk. absorbs calcium. can absorb too much (kidney stones)
- Vitamin E can be found in? Function?
- green leafy veggies and nuts. protects cells from premature aging.
- Vitamin K can be found in? Function?
- fruits and veggies. helps prevent blood clotting
- Vitamin B1/B2 function?
- helps body break down carbs to energy. co-enzymes
- Vitamin B6 function? hazard?
- helps body break down fats (cholestorol). can lead to blindness
- Vitamin C can be found in? Function?
- Citrus fruits. Essential for making collagen, prevents scurvy.
- Iron can be found in? Function? what ones are needed/toxic?
- meat beans. red blood cells. anemia is a lack of iron. Fe+2 needed. Fe+3 toxic
- Calcium, Magnesium, phospate are needed for?
- strong bones and teeth
- Sodium potasium and chloride are all? Needed for?
- Electrolytes. Conducts electrical signal for muscles to move. Too little will lead to dehydration.
- Copper's Function?
- needed for protein production
- Zinc's function
- convert carbs to energy
- What is the ratio of copper to zinc
- 20 to 1. If it goes above then there is uncontolled cell growth and production
- Salmonella and e. coli can be killed with?
- A temp of 140 F
- Two major sources of e. coli?
- Unsanitary conditions and hamburger/chicken with red/pink
- What causes botulism? Two biggest canned goods with botulism. How it can be prevented?
- Underprocessed canned goods. fish and mushrooms. Pressure canning and adding food to acid (vinegar)
- What does GRAS stand for?
- Generally Regarded As Safe
- What does a preservative do?
- Kill mold and bacteria
- Why are nitrites added?
- Added to processed meats, kills botulism, fixes red color of meat
- What is sulfite added? where is it added? What can it cause?
- Add sulfur dioxide to prevent browning. wine. asmatic attacks and migraines.
- What three things are needed to form nitrosamine? Why is it bad? What is added to prevent?
- Nitrite + amine + HCL. Cancer causing. Ascorbic acid (vitamin c)
- What is methyl salicylate?
- mint flavor
- What are flavor enhancers? Biggest example?
- intensify exsisting flavors without a flavor of their own. MSG
- What 2 things do coloring agents do?
- Restore food to familiar color and replace sensitive natural colors
- 2 red dyes on market right now?
- red # 3 and red # 40
- 2 blue dyes on market right now?
- Blue # 1 and Blue # 2
- 2 yellow dyes on market right now?
- yellow # 5 and yellow # 6
- 1 green dye on market right now?
- green # 3
- What is a questionable side effect of artificial coloring?
- Hyperactivity in children
- What do leavening agents do?
- make a raised baked product, put holes in the product
- What do sweeteners do?
- Cover a poor flavor or provide a sweet taste
- What do flavoring agents do?
- Replace expensive and unstable natural flavors (esters, over 1200)
- 5 disposal methods of solid waste?
-
1. Open dump
2. Incinerators
3. Sanitary landfill
4. Trash to energy
5. Recycle - Composition of municipal waste? 4 examples
- paper, glass, iron, plastic
- What is the cost per ton per person? collection? disposal?
-
collection - 30-40
disposal- 75-100 - 4 disposal methods of hazardous waste?
-
1. Shipped out of state
2. Incinerate
3. Landfill
4. Well injection - past water table - 4 Problems with open dump?
- Air pollution, water pollution, vermin, insects
- 2 Problems with incincerators
- Air pollution, water pollution (ash)
- 5 Problems with recycling
-
1. Quality of product (plastic grades)
2.Location of materials (transportation costs)
3.Psychology of "used"
4.Federal regulations prevent use of some recycled materials
5. No tax advantage. Tax credit for new materials. - Example of low-level and high-level nuclear waste
-
radioactive waste
fuel rods from nuclear power plants - What year was OSCA founded in?
- 1972
- 4 Groups of people not covered by OSCA?
-
1. Military personnel
2. Self-employed
3. Family farmer
4. Already covered by another agency - What does OSCA do?
- adopts regulations from trade and professional organizations and from federal agencies
- 4 OSCA regulations most violated
-
1. Egress (Exit)
2. Electrical
3. Machinery
4. Noise - excessive - 4 adverse effects of loud noises
-
1. Loss of hearing
2. Decrease in eyesight
3. Increase in blood pressure
4. Increase in stomach acid production - 4 rules about exits
-
1. Must be free of obstructions
2. Cannot cover an exit
3. Must open outwards if more than 50 people
4. Must be clearly marked - 3 examples of complex carbs?
- glycogen, cellulose, and starch
- How are animal proteins are complete?
- contain all 20 amino acids
- How are veggies lacking?
- missing one or more of the amino acids
- 3 characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
-
1. Stored in the body
2. Not required on a daily basis
3. Can be toxic - 3 characteristics of water soluble vitamins
-
1. Not stored in the body
2. Needed on a daily basis
3. Almost non-toxic - Five major categories of food additives
-
1. Preservatives
2. Sweetners
3. Flavoring agents
4. Flavor Enhancers
5. Coloring Agents - What is FD & C
- Food drug and cosmetic use approved
- 4 alternatives to pesticides
-
1. Predators
2. Pathogens
3. Parasites
4. Sex Attractants - 3 different kinds of solid waste?
- municipal, hazardous, nuclear
- What is the most toxic longest lasting
- inorganics: toxic metals
- Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
- DDT
- 3 propertities of inorganic
-
1. Very toxic
2. Last forever
3. Magnify up food chain - 3 properties of hydrocarbons?
-
1. Toxic and cancer causing
2. Last for years
3. Magnify up the food chain - 2 properties of Phosphates. example?
-
1. extremely toxic
2.30 days
parathion - What is another name for flea and tick sprays
- Carbamates
- Chrysanthemums
- pyrethum
- hot peppers
- piperonyl butoxide
- daisy root
- rotenone
- tobacco
- nicotine