Cognitive Psychology Quiz 2
Terms
undefined, object
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- a severe deficit in the ability to perceive sensory information
- agnosia
- based on the receipt of sensory information in three diemnsions from both eyes
- binocular depth cues
- bottom-up theories
- data driven (i.e. stimulus driven) theories
- the perceiver constructs a perception of a stimulus; they use sensory information as the foundation for the structure but also uses other sources of information to build the perception
- constructive perception
- the influences of the surrounding environment on perception
- context effects
- the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference surface when speaking in terms of depth perception
- depth
- belief that the array of information in our sensory receptors including the sensory context is all we need to perceive anything
- direct perception theory
- what stands out from versus what recedes into the background
- figure-ground
- based on the notion that the whole differs from the sum of its individual parts
- gestalt approach to form perception
- tendency to perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the disparate elements into a stable and coherent form
- law of Pragnanz
- can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye
- monocular depth cues
- the individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer
- object-centered representation
- the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli
- perception
- occurs when our perception of an object remainds the same even when our proximal sensation of the distal object changes
- perceptual constancy
- a sort of average of a class of rrelated objects of pattersn, which integrates all of the most typical (most frequently observed) features of the class
- prototype
- belief that we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of objects and then decomposing the objects into geons
- recognition-by-components (RBC) theory
- highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize
- templates
- driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and prior expectations
- top-down theories
- an individual stores the way the objects looks to him or her
- viewer centered representation
- a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss
- Alzheimer's disease
- severe loss of explicit memory
- amnesia
- the inability to remember vents that occur after a traumatic event
- anterograde amnesia
- a limited-capacity system that is capable of binding info from the subsidiary systems and from long-term emmory into a unitary episodic representation
- episodic buffer
- stores personally experienced events or episodes
- episodic memory
- when participants engange in conscious recollection
- explicit memory
- a process of producing retrieval of memories that would have seem to have been forgotten
- hypermnesia
- concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models fror understanding how a psychological phenomenon works
- hypothetical constructs
- a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods of time
- iconic store
- when we recollect something but are not consciously aware that we are trying to do so
- implicit memory
- the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young
- infantile amnesia
- postulates that memory does not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores but rather varies along a continuous dimension in terms of depth encoding
- levels-of-processing framework
- very large capacity, capable of storing info for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
- long-term store
- the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use this information in the present
- memory
- someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on the use of special techniques for memory enhancement
- mnemonist
- briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal
- phonological loop
- a node that activates a connected node; this activation is knows as the priming affect
- prime
- the facilitation in one's ability to utilize missing information; occurs when recognition of certain stimuli is affected by prior presentation of the same or similar stimuli
- priming
- the resulting ativation of the node
- priming effect
- to produce a fact, word or other item from memory
- recall
- to seelect or otherwise identify an item as being one that you learned previously
- recognition
- occurs when individuals lose their purposeful memory for eevents prior to whatever trauma induces memory loss
- retrograde amnesia
- stores general world knowledge
- semantic memory
- a web of interconnected elements of meaning
- semantic network
- capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods
- sensory store
- capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but also of relatively limited capacity
- short-term store
- briefly holds some visual images
- visuospatial sketchpad
- holds only the most recently activated portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
- working memory