Soc102D: Test One
Jai Ryu's first test from hell.
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Egalitarianism
- asserting, resulting from, or characterized by belief in the equality of all people, esp. in political, economic, or social life
- The Me
- the self as an object; formed by internalization of the attitudes of others. Socialized self.
- Socialism
- Economic type of society characterized by state ownership of the major means of production.
- Sociology
- scientific study of societies and social life in general.
- 1890s
- Telephone
- social
- any interpersonal situation or setting in which a person orients their actions to others
- objective behavior
- observable actions as they interact with others.
- Past Societies
- 1. Socioeconomic Structures, 2. Communal Societies, 3. Village Communities and State Societies, 4. Slave Societies, 5. Feudal Societies
- State Society
- Early economic type of society in which the state was the major owner or controller of land and other means of production and collected tax or tribute payments from the surplus products of subjects.
- subsistence technology
- Needed for survival (food, shelter, etc.) Defines what societies can do. Must meet needs before they can do other things.
- statuses
- Social positions; horizontal- equal hierarchically based material and vertical- unequal hierarchically based material
- 1910s
- Make commission on radio signals
- Herbert Marcuse
- says it was historically possible for humans to contruct societies that met needs of social order and psychological fulfillment.
- modes of production
- societies carry out the production of their necessities. Modes contain economic and social role configurations.
- Demography
- studies sizes, distributions, and rates of change of populations.
- positivism
- Approach to sociology originated by Auguste Comte, which advocates using methods of research developed in the physical and natural sciences.
- Marcrosociological Tradition
- Whole societies and how they function
- Technology
- "knowledge of techniques"; knowledge of techniques of production. Degree of society depends on production/means of food, shelter, clothing, and other necessities.
- symbol
- Socially determined; something that refers to something else.
- concepts
- intellectual abstractions used to categorize and illuminate the essential meanings of real-world occurrences.
- first socioeconomic structure
- essentially equal social roles; subsequent unequal class roles.
- peonage
- Debt Slavery; creditors claimed the future labor of debtors as payment for the incurred debt. Succeeded into future generations.
- Developing Countries: Problems
- •High population growth rates slow economic development•Family sizes cannot be sole reason for starvation and malnutrition- more appropriately, unequal distribution of world's resources is to blame. (Developed countries > Developing countries).
- 100,000 years ago
- Societies of homo sapiens began
- kinship
- refers to networks of people interrelated on the basics of common ancestry of marriage.
- norms
- the values that specify how roles should be played. "Shoulds" and "oughts" of the role conduct.
- scientific socialism
- Founded by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels of The Communist Manifesto. What they mean by scientific socialism is socialist change based upon the discoverable laws of history. New types of societies replace old types.
- The I
- the self as a subject; developed by the individual's own impulses and response to the attitudes of others. Unsocialized self.
- Post-Industrial Society
- •Society is industrial if it has more industrial workers than agricultural, it is post-industrial if there are more jobs in service, education, recreation, etc., •Emerged in 1970s because of computer and telecommunications created informatics revolution due to microchips
- society
- historically bounded population that shares a unique configuration of institutional structures and cultural characteristics. (Cultural characteristics are particularly important in shaping and defining differences)
- Malthus' Overpopulation Theory
- 1798 publication of An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus said population grew faster than production of food and other necessities. Resulting in long-term tendency for starvation and other deprivations. •The problem with Malthus' theory was that it considered population growth rates as developing in isolation from economic and technological developments.
- Microsociological tradition
- linkages between individual and their social experience and existence.
- contract labor
- Semi-slave system labor is owned for a defined period of time; Not free to change employers; Chinese in 1840s and 50s
- Chattel Slavery
- purest and most literal system; owner possesd slave for life and until sale/death. Examples: Greece, Rome, Americas 16th-19th centuries which produced bulk of societal surpluses; not majority of population
- 1950s
- Color television, Golden Age of Movies
- 1880s
- First Motion Picture (4 min execution of Mary Queen of Scotts)
- 20th century
- Radio signals
- What determines population growth rates?
- 1. Birth Rates, 2. Death Rates, 3. Migration Patterns
- Sociologists classify societies by:
- Technological capacities- hunting and gathering, agricultural, and industrial societies and 2. Socioeconomic Structures- slave, feudal, and capitalist societies
- Kinship Theory by Frederick Engels
- the origins of the family and private property were interrelated.
- Pre-Industrial Environmentally Specialized Societies
- Herding, Fishing, and Maritime (living by trade)
- George Herbert Meade
- Classic theorist of 20th century sociology who theorized that humans communicate in a two-step creative process. 1. 1. Communicator mentally evaluates and rehearses message according to imagine effect. 2. Then delivers it
- Hunting and Gathering Society
- Hunting and following animals and ready made produce
- animism
- all elements of physical world are believed to have indwelling spirits which gave them life.
- religious institutions
- based on belief systems about ultimate meanings of life that are practiced within various settings.
- institutions
- on going configurations of social positions, roles, values, and norms that exist to meet particular needs within societies.
- Developing Countries: Greater Rise in Population than Developed Countries
- Rural families are large because they are more economical.•Young children can work because child labor is not yet illegal.•Funds for elderly are rare; usually are supported by their families.•Big families are considered prestigious.•Decline of population growth: introduction of contraceptives decreases the rate of births and gap between developing and developed countries is rapidly decreasing.
- Horticultural Society
- "Garden cultivation", • Based on people using hoes for cultivation, •Lower stage of agrarian societies, •9,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Asia Minor
- 9,000 years ago
- Horticultural Society in Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Asia Minor
- Scientists classify societies by
- World history, 2. Materials from which tools and weapons were constructed, and3. Dominant types of production- oriented technologies (type of society. example: hunting and gathering)
- Emile Durkheim
- French sociologist who made the first systematic study of the social factors involved in suicide. Reasoned that if different groups in different countries had different rates, then non-individual social factors had to be involved in the causation of suicide.
- Neo-Malthusians
- see overly rapid population growth rates as outstripping resource bases and portending global disaster.
- creativity
- Two step process- (1) Abstract idea (2) Concretize it
- indentured servitude
- Semi-slave system labor is owned for defined period of time; Not free to change employers; Half of the American colonial working class
- Pastoral Society
- Herding, first advances beyond hunting and gathering, • Keeping and producing out of goats, cattle, etc, -Still popular today
- What caused the Industrial revolution?
- 1. Navigation, 2. Printing press, 3. Urbanization
- Industrial Society
- •1750 on; advance in technology and shift away from land, •Energy sources- fossil fuels, steam, electricity, nuclear, etc., •Population boom and urbanization
- state
- an organization of officials and employees who devote full time to the various activities of governance. Protect the privileged from the less privileged.
- self
- person's concept of their own being, life, or inner identity. (Perception of being)
- 1920s
- Radios are sold to everyday people
- socialization
- process by which people learn the norms and roles necessary for functioning within groups and societies. Socialization begins at birth.
- "Main stream societies"
- Hunting and Gathering, Horticultural, and Agricultural
- Feudalism
- Pre-capitalist economic type of society characterized by commodity production and private ownership of the means of production.
- political institutions
- groups that are involved in the struggle and administration of territorial power. Example- Constitutions most formalized expressions of such.
- Sigmund Freud
- says each individual is driven by a contradictory bundle of instincts. "Eros"- love and self-preservation. "The Anatos"- death and self-destruction. Conclusion- human misery can never fully be cured.
- subjective social life
- how people internalize and react to their experiences with objective social life. Analytical concepts- self and character structure (personality)
- role
- Attached to each position in the setting; is a socially defined behavioral expectation
- magic
- represented wishful thinking to powerless; supernatural mean to control natural phenomena.
- 1860s
- Photography- images frozen on paper
- Communal Structure
- Earliest socioeconomic type of society, characterized by equal access to means of production and consumption items.
- Slave Society
- Economic type of society based upon the predominant use of unfree or slave labor to produce surplus products.
- ethnocentrism
- Using the perspectives or biases of one's own culture to judge the values and practices of another
- Auguste Comte
- the first to use "sociology" in writing. He said it should be a new field of inquiry. said to not base it on politics, morality, or other values, but rather to acquire information on social knowledge through research to yield objective, value-free social knowledge.
- sanctions
- social forms of approval and disapproval for role performances; rewards or punishments.
- signal
- Genetically determined; also something that refers to something else.
- World History
- Distinguish historical (literate) and pre-historical (illiterate) societies
- character structure
- personality, the unique way in which a person integrates self-perception, and role behavior
- Causes of navigation
- • Fundamental causes are: (1) the 11th century compass- people can venture out further from shores, coupled with (2) greater skill of building ships that are multi-massed, have stern rudder, and relatively narrow beam.
- role-taking
- Put yourself in the attitude and position of the other; developed by George Herbert Meade. Says human beings are the only creatures that can be an object to themselves. This is a unique human characteristic.
- negativists
- Sought to destroy existing structure of positivism.
- subjetive behavior
- how people think and feel about themselves and others. (Interrelated with objective behavior.)
- Clans
- include those who could trace their biological descent to a common individual. Also, political structure through which decision-making occurred.
- 4,500 years ago
- Agricultural society in Mesopotamia and Egypt
- Socioeconomic Structure
- typical fusions of economic and class structures that have occurred in world history, that is a feudal economy with landlord and peasant classes, or a capitalist economy with capitalist and working classes.
- Eugenics
- founded on belief that countries ought to practice selective breeding of their populations in order to maximize strong over weak genetic traits. Advocated quotas on immigration and sterilization of the mentally incapacitated. Favored whites of northern and western descent. This died out in the 1930s and 40s.
- Demographic Transition Theory
- Theory based upon the experience of first world countries which successively moved in stages from an initial period of low population growth rates because of high birth and death rates declined while birth rates remained high to a final period in which population growth rates can be interpreted as being in the middle stage of the demographic transition.
- Agricultural Society
- •Higher stage of agrarian societies, •"Field cultivation", •More advanced technology than horticulture for cultivation specifically the plow, use of animals, •4,500 years ago in Mesopotamia and Egypt
- economic institutions
- concerned with production and distribution of goods and services.
- State societies could have given:
- ecnomic function, common defense needs, and prerogatives of conquest and empire