Ch 24 terms
Terms
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- Anti-Semitic
- the hate of Jews :(
- John L. Lewis
- worked with Sidney Hillman to found the Committee for Industrial Organization within the American Federation of Labor. Lewis was of the United Mine Workers. Lewis and Hillman became frustrated with the slowness the AFL tended to have in organizing workers, and formed the CIO. The CIO welcomed all workers.
- Sidney Hillman
- worked with John L. Lewis to found the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL. Hillman was of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Lewis and Hillman became frustrated with the slowness the AFL tended to have in organizing workers, and formed the CIO. The CIO welcomed all workers.
- Pump priming
- a method intended to help industry recover
- Federal Arts Project
- Project designed to provide jobs for unemployed artists to design posters, offer art courses, and paint murals on public buildings. (way for struggling artists to have a job and for the community to benefit as well)
- Scottsboro Boys
- In Scottsboro, Alabama eight black boys were sentenced to death on suspicion of rape. But, the Supreme Court had them retried because they were denied legal counsel and the jury was all-white. However, racism caused five of the boys to still be convicted.
- Revenue Act of 1935
- this act raised taxes on corporations and the wealthy to appeal to the majority of the people who believed the inequity in society was causing economic imbalance
- Swing
- A type of dance that originated form Fletcher Henderson, and the bands of Benny Goodman, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington. Swing helped jazz surge in popularity.
- National Labor Relations Act
- This was called for by FDR to guarantee collective-bargaining rights, permit closed shops in which all employees must join a union, and outlaw management tactics like blacklisting. This was a catalyst for a wave of unionization. (made employer-to-employee relationship a little more friendly)
- Foreclosure
- This is the idea of taking the property or land of someone who cannot pay their taxes or loans. The farm foreclosures committed by the government during the Great Depression hit Iowa and the Dakotas particularly harshly.
- Brain trust
- This was Roosevelt's circle of advisers which included professor Rexford G. Tugwell, and lawyer Adolph A. Berle. They advocated federal economic planning and corporate regulation
- Congress of Industrial Organizations
- Formed in 1938, the CIO was a breakaway of the Committee for Industrial Organization from the AFL. This was 2-million-member association of industrial unions, which included the autoworkers.
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- This was created to insure bank deposits up to five thousand dollars. (a safety net for the American people to entice them to trust banks again)
- Streamlining
- A design style that was inspired by the lines of the airplane, it is smoothly flowing curves of commercial products that appealed to customers.
- Panacea
- a cure-all; an answer to all problems (page 743)
- Emergency Banking Act
- This law permitted healthy banks to reopen, set up procedures for managing failed banks, increased government oversight of banking, and required banks to separate their savings deposits from their investment funds. (Basically the government took a lot of control over the banking system)
- Barrios repatriation
- Barrios were Hispanic neighborhoods of southwestern cities. Repatriation is the sending back of immigrants to their native country. Although some Mexicans moved back after living in America for a while, some were repatriated by immigration officials. This repatriation was racist and unjust.
- Count Basie
- Basie was a jazz musician. Basie started his jazz band in Kansas City and soon popularized jazz.
- Buying stock on margin
- This was a technique initiated by stockbrokers who lent buyers up to 75% of a stock's cost making "margin" or credit buying a widespread practice
- Federal Securities Act
- This act required corporations to inform the government fully on all stock offerings, and made executives personally liable for any misrepresentation of securities their company issued. (Put the people's anger at businesses and executives that caused the depression into an act that would make them more responsible)
- Demagogue
- a person, especially an orator or political leader, who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions, and prejudices of the people.
- Walter Reuther
- Reuther, a UAW official, autoworker, and labor activist was beaten viciously by a group of thugs organized by Ford and Bennett, who hated unions. Reuther began as a socialist but ultimately became conservative.
- Bank Holiday
- President Roosevelt ordered all banks to close for four days in 1933
- Sit-down strike
- used by the CIO and GM workers to paralyze work to gain desirable benefits or conditions. This is when workers peacefully occupy a workplace without working.
- Housing Act of 1937
- this appropriated 500 million dollars for urban slum clearance and public housing. (gave money out for people to clean up the cities and create nice, new homes)
- Deficit spending
- When the government intentionally puts itself into debt by paying for much-needed services and programs for the people in the hopes of stimulating the economy to end a recession or depression. This is suggested in Keynesian economics.
- Keynesian Economics
- This was an economic system developed by John Maynard Keyes that encouraged governments to use deficit spending during depressions to fund public-works programs to increase purchasing power and stimulate recovery. The New Deal did NOT follow Keynesian economics because every dollar spent on relief programs was withdrawn through taxation or government borrowing. FDR felt deficits would be an ill in the economy. ("the only thing to fear, is fear itself" yet he is afraid to go into debt?)
- Militancy
- the idea of being vigorously active and aggressive especially in support of a cause
- Works Progress Administration
- Administration established to funnel assistance directly to the unemployed. It successfully employed 8 million Americans and improved and created bridges, roads, schools, post offices, and other public facilities. (very successful)
- Utopia
- any visionary system of political or social perfection; an ideal place or state
- Tennessee Valley Authority
- This was a program that used hydroelectric electricity to power the region. Senator George Norris had the idea to revolutionize the economic and social development of the Tennessee River valley. This is considered one of the New Deal's most enduring accomplishments because it created jobs, made electricity, provided recreational facilities, and reducing flooding and erosion. (kind of took that community in a backwards direction to a simpler way of life that had been lost during the 1920's)
- Harry Hopkins
- Harry headed the Federal Emergency Relief Act, which appropriated 500 million dollars for state and local relief agencies that had exhausted their funds. Harry became a powerful New Deal figure. (basically, FERA was handing out money to agencies that were completely wiped out)
- Nostrum
- A medicine whose effectiveness is unproved and whose ingredients are usually secret; a quack remedy; a favorite but usually ineffective remedy for problems or evils.(similar to panacea but false)
- Sacrosanct
- extremely sacred or inviolable; above or beyond criticism, change, or interference( pg 747-the number of nine supreme court judges had become sacrosanct)
- Civilian Conservation Corps
- Organization created to employ jobless youths in government projects like reforestation, park maintenance, and erosion control. This combined work relief with environmental programs. This was a HUGE help to many families. (CCC killed two birds with one stone: found jobs for men when there were none, and helped the environment along the way)
- Securities and Exchange Commission
- An organization designed to enforce new regulations of the governments attempt to curb the purchase of stock using credit.
- Collective bargaining
- this is the mutual bargaining between businesses and employees for contracts or other matter. It was guaranteed in the National Labor Relations Act.
- United Automobile Workers
- Walther Reuther was a major leader of the UAW. UAW was highly disliked by Ford and Bennett. At first, GM and Chrysler disliked the UAW, but sit-downs made them sign contracts recognizing the UAW.
- Black Cabinet
- To show that he was against racism, FDR appointed more than a hundred African Americans to policy-level and judicial positions. The main leader of this so-called "black cabinet" was Mary McLeod Bethune who was an advocate for African American inequality. This cabinet linked the administration and black organizations.
- Benny Goodman
- Goodman was a jazz musician. He challenged the color line of jazz when he included balck musicians in his orchestra. Goodman got his start in music playing the clarinet at Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago. Goodman's band helped bring about the acceptance of jazz.