NRES 100 Exam 2
Terms
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- Ecosystem Capital
- sum of all goods & services provided by natural & managed ecosystems, provided free of charges & essential to human-life & well-being.
- Conservation
- Manage & regulate while still using resources
- Preservation
- ensure ecosystem continuity regardless of utility (protect from use)
- Restoration
- to bring back to a former, original, biological diversity & ecological function (bring back to original state)
- Maximum Sustainable Yield
- Highest possible rate of use taht a system can match with its own rate of replacement.
- Ecosystem services
- sustain & fulfil life
- Wilderness Area
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most protected area, only 4% of land permanently protected.
Preservation not Conservation. - Parks & Wildlife Refuges
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Protect Important wildlife & provide public access to recreation.
Difficult to balance public access & wildlife protection. -
Matching energy sources to uses:
Crude oil - Transportation & industrial
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Matching energy sources:
Natural Gas - Industrial/electric
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Matching energy sources:
Coal - Electric
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Matching:
nuclear power - electric
- water & wood power
- Electric (commercial & residential)
- Primary Energy
- fossil fuels, radioactive material, solar, wind, water & other energy sources that exist as natural resources subject to exploration (generate electricity)
- Secondary Energy
- source of energy (esp. electricity) depends on primary energy sources for origin.
- Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)
- Raise fuel efficiency regulations (27.5 mpg) key to greater oil independence
- Combined Heat Technology (CHP)
- small power plant that produces electricity & heats the building with "waste" heat.
- Nuclear Fission
- Splling of atomic nuclei
- Nuclear Fusion
- Fusing of atomic nuclei
- Chain Reaction
- (nuclear reaction) each atom that fissions causes one or more atoms to fission (liberates energy)
- Renewable energy
- energy from sources that are essentially inexhaustable (wood, waste, geothermal, wind, solar thermal energy)
- Solar Radiation
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Every location on earth recieves sun light, depends on:
Weather, location, landscape, time of day, season - Direct Solar Energy Use
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heating of water
heating of space
production of energy - Indirect Solar Energy Use
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hydropower
wind
biomass - Passive Solar Heating
- building designs to capture suns' heat to provide space heating & light
- Biomass Energy
- plant material, vegetation, agricultural waste. Heating, electricity, or converted to liquid fuels
- Pollution
- contamination of air, water, soil w/ undesirable amounts of material in environment.
- Water Pollution
- any biological, chemical, physical change in water quality that has harmful effect on living organisms or make water unsuitable for desired uses.
- Point Source Pollution
- specific points of origin of pollutants (factory drains, our outlets from sewage treatment plants)
- NonPoint Source Pollution
- soucres of pollution such as general runoff of sediments, fertilizer, pesticides from farms & urban areas
- Oligotrophic Lakes
- Nutrient Poor (Deep, transparent, low density of plant life)
- Eutrophic lakes
- Nutrient Rich & Shallow
- Eutrophication
- enrichment of a lake ecosystem with chemical nutrients, typically compounds with N or Phosphourus
- Sludge
- particulate organic matter that settles out or floats to the surface of sewage water in primary treatment
- Effluent
- Liquid waste
- Municipal Sold Waste
- consists of everyday items such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps
- Source Reduction
- Reduse - consuming less & throwing away less
- Recycle
- recovery of materials that would otherwise been incinerates or in landfills
- Composting
- natural reprocessing of organic matter - provides nutrients to soil
- Integrated Waste Management
- approach to municipal solid waste that provides for several options for dealing w/ wastes, including recycling, composting, waste reduction & landfilling & incineration where unavoidable
- Troposphere
- where weather occurs
- Stratosphere
- contains ozone layer
- Thermohaline Circulation
- combo of temp. & salinity of ocean waters that causes water to circulate thru ocean
- Ozone Shield
- stratospheric ozone layer that absorbs UV radiation
- Chloroflurocarbons (CFC's)
- non-reactive, non-flammable, non-toxic, great properties of heating & cooling , reduce density of ozone layer
- Air Pollution
- particulate matter & chemical compounds that are released by humans into atmosphere & modify its composition
- Smog
- dense, visible air pollution
- Primary Pollutant
- released directly into air, such as CO2 from combustion
- Secondary Pollutant
- formed thru chemical reactions of primary pollutants