Korean-grammar structures
Terms
undefined, object
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- Verb'ì´ë‹¤' : to be
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'ì´ë‹¤' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It is pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-예요' and '-ì´ì—ìš”'. '-예요' is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and '-ì´ì—ìš”' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.
안나 + -예요 --> 안나예요.
ì±…ìƒ + -ì´ì—ìš” --> ì±…ìƒì´ì—ìš”. - The subjective marker '-이/갬'
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The subjective marker `-ì´/ê°€' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. ‘-가’ is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `-ì´â€™ is used after a consonant.
Here are some examples:
ê°€ë°©ì´ ìžˆì–´ìš”.
모ìžê°€ 있어요 - The topic marker '-ì€/는'
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While the subjective marker `-ì´/ê°€' indicates the subject of a sentence, the topic marker `ì€/는' is used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison with another subject, this marker cannot be used. '-는' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-ì€' is used after words ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:
ì´ê²ƒì´ ì—°í•„ì´ì—ìš”. This is a pencil.
ì´ê²ƒì€ ì—°í•„ì´ì—ìš”. This (in comparison with other things) is a pencil.
í•œêµë§ì´ 재미있어요. Korean is interesting.
í•œêµë§ì€ 재미있어요. Korean(in comparison with other languages) is interesting. - 이,그,젬 (demonstrative)+NOUN : this/these ,it/their, that/tho
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ì´ê²ƒ+ ì´ -> ì´ê²Œ 'this' (close to the speaker)
그것+ ì´ -> 그게 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
ì €ê²ƒ+ ì´ -> ì €ê²Œ 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker
ì´ê²ƒ+ ì€ -> ì´ê±´ 'this' (close to the speaker)
그것+ ì€ -> 그건 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
ì €ê²ƒ+ ì€ -> ì €ê±´ 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker - Verb '아니다' : not to be
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This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied 'ì´ë‹¤` which indicates equality or identification. The 'ì´ë‹¤' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word with the noun. When you make the negative construction of 'ì´ë‹¤', the subject marker '-ì´/ê°€' is attached directly to the noun, and then followed by the negative verb '아니다'.
ì´ê²ƒì´ ì˜ìžì˜ˆìš”. <---> ì´ê²ƒì´ ì˜ìžê°€ 아니예요.
ì œê°€ 호주사람ì´ì—ìš”. <---> ì œê°€ í˜¸ì£¼ì‚¬ëžŒì´ ì•„ë‹ˆì˜ˆìš”. - Verb '있다/없다' : to be/not to be
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The verb `있다' indicates existence, location or possession. The opposite verb is `없다'.
(Possesion)
ë™ìƒ 있어요? 네, ë™ìƒì´ 있어요.
Do you have a younger brother? Yes, I have a younger brother.
아니오, ë™ìƒì´ 없어요. ê·¸ëŸ°ë° ì–¸ë‹ˆëŠ” 있어요.
No, I don't have a younger brother.
But I have an older sister.
(Location)
êµì‹¤ì— ì±…ìƒì´ 있어요? 네, ì±…ìƒì´ 있어요.
Is there a desk in the classroom? Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)
아니오, ì±…ìƒì´ 없어요. ì˜ìžëŠ” 있어요.
No, there is not a desk (in the classroom).
But there is a chair. - The marker '-ì—' : at/in
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This locative marker indicates that someone or something is stationary in a place. It is attached to nouns, and followed by '있다'(to be) and '없다'(not to be).
êµì‹¤ì— í•™ìƒì´ 있어요. There is a student in the classroom.
êµì‹¤ì— ì„ ìƒë‹˜ì€ 없어요. There is not a teacher in the classroom - The sentence ending '-ì•„(ì–´/ì—¬)ìš”'
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(1) `ì•„ìš”' form :
This is used when the last vowel of the verb stem is 'ã…' or 'ã…—
(2) `ì–´ìš”' form :
This is used after any other last vowel of the verb stem except for the '아요' and '여요' cases(3) `여요' form :
This is used after a '하다` verb. - Adverb '안' : do not
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The abverb '안' is used to express the negative and means 'do not'. '안' is put before the verb.
í•™êµì— 안 갔어요.
ì ì‹¬ì„ ì•ˆ 먹었어요. - Adverb '못' : want to do but can not
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The adverb '못' is used with action verbs, and means impossibility or strong denial and refusal.
íŒŒí‹°ì— ëª» 갔어요.
í˜•ì„ ëª» 만났어요. - The marker '-ì—ì„œ' : at/in,from
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The marker '-ì—ì„œ' has two meanings. One is 'at' or 'in' indicating the place where an action takes place. Another meaning is 'from', indicating a starting point or cause.
맥ë„ë„ë“œì—ì„œ ì ì‹¬ì„ ë¨¹ì—ˆì–´ìš”.
스페ì¸ì—ì„œ 왔어요. - The objective marker '-ì„/를'
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The marker '-ì„/를' is attached to a Noun to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb. '-를' is used after a vowel while 'ì„' is used after a consonant.
ìƒì¼íŒŒí‹°ë¥¼ 했어요.
ì ì‹¬ì„ ë¨¹ì—ˆì–´ìš” - The pre-ending '-았/ì—ˆ/였-'
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(1) -았-
When the final vowel of the verb stem is 'ã…,ã…—', it takes '-았-'
(2) -ì—ˆ-
When the final vowel of the verb stem is any other vowel like 'ㅓ, ㅜ, ㅡ, ㅣ', it takes '-었-'.
(3) -였-
When the verb is a '하다' verb, it takes '-였-'. - The pattern '-ê³ ì‹¶ë‹¤' : would like to (do)/want to (do)
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The pattern ‘-ê³ ì‹¶ë‹¤â€™ is used to indicate the desire of the subject and is used with action verbs and ‘있다.’ This pattern ‘-ê³ ì‹¶ë‹¤â€™ is used with first person statements and second person questions.
Tense and negation are expressed in the verb '싶다'.
피ìžë¥¼ ë¨¹ê³ ì‹¶ì–´ìš”. (I) wanted to eat pizza.
피ìžë¥¼ë¨¹ê³ 싶지 ì•Šì•„ìš”. (I) don't want to eat pizza. - -세요' : imperative Sentence ending
- -세요' is one of the sentence endings which can be used for indicating polite questioning in the Interrogative(-세요?) and polite order(command) in the Imperatives(-세요). This ending is more polite than the sententce ending '-어요.'
- The marker '-ì—' : per,for,by,at,in
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ì €ëŠ” 안나씨를 í•œ ì‹œì— ë§Œë‚˜ìš”. I meet Anna at 1 o'clock.
ì €ëŠ” 월요ì¼ì— ë“±ì‚°ì„ ê°€ìš”. I go climbing on Monday.
ê·¸ ì±…ì„ 1,000ì›ì— 샀어요. I bought that book for 1,000won.
ì´ ì‚¬ê³¼ í•œ ê°œì— ì–¼ë§ˆì˜ˆìš”? How much is this apple for one? - Irregular verbs '으'
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(2) '-ì•„ìš”' is used if the vowel before '으' is 'ã…' or 'ã…—', '-ì–´ìš”' is used if the vowel before '으' is other vowel except 'ì•„' and '오'. ë°”ì˜(다) + -ì•„ìš” : 바ㅃ + ã…ìš” => ë°”ë¹ ìš” : To be busy
예ì˜(다) + -ì–´ìš” : 예ㅃ ã…“ìš” => 예ë»ìš” (To be pretty) - The pattern '-ì•„(ì–´/ì—¬) 보다'
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(1) On it's own, '보다' means 'to see.' The pattern '-아(어/여)보다' is used to convey meanings such as 'someone tries doing something ( to see how it will turn out) or 'someone does something to see (how it will turn out).'
ì´ êµ¬ë‘를 ì‹ ì–´ 보세요. Please try on these shoes.
ì „í™”í•´ 보세요. Please try to call.
여기서 ê¸°ë‹¤ë ¤ 보세요. Please wait here.
(2) With past tense form. it can be used to express experience as well as the meanings mentioned in (1)
ì €ëŠ” í•œêµì— ê°€ 봤어요. I have been to Korea.
ì €ëŠ” ë©œë¼ë‹ˆë¥¼ 만나 봤어요. I have met Melanie. -
The pattern '-ì•„/ì–´/ì—¬ ë³´ì´ë‹¤'
: someone(or something) looks (appears, seems...) -
This pattern conveys meanings such as likeness, resemblance, or similarity. when attached directly to the stems of adjectives.
The past tense form of this pattern is '-아/어/여 보였다.'
-ì•„ ë³´ì´ë‹¤ is after verb stems having 'ì•„/오'
-ì–´ ë³´ì´ë‹¤ is after verb stems having other vowel 'ì•„/오'
-ì—¬ ë³´ì´ë‹¤ is after verb stems having '-하다'
ì˜·ì´ ìž‘ì•„ 보여요. The clothes look small.
í•œêµìŒì‹ì´ 맛있어 보여요. Korean food looks delicious.
ê·¸ë¶„ì´ í–‰ë³µí•´ 보여요. He looks happy. - The marker '-보다' : more than
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the second noun) when both items of comparison are mentioned. It is often accompanied by '-ë”' which means 'more'.
í•œêµë§ì´ ì˜ì–´ë³´ë‹¤ (ë”) ì–´ë ¤ì›Œìš”. Korean is more difficult than English.
개가 ê³ ì–‘ì´ë³´ë‹¤ (ë”) 커요. Dogs are bigger than cats.
ì˜¤ëŠ˜ì€ ì–´ì œë³´ë‹¤ (ë”) ì‹œì›í•´ìš”. Today is cooler than yesterday.
When the standard of comparison is omitted, 'ë”'('more) is used.
ì´ê²Œ ë” ì¢‹ì•„ìš”. This is better.
í•œêµë§ì´ ë” ì–´ë ¤ì›Œìš”. Korean is more difficult.
나는 사과가 ë” ì¢‹ì•„ìš”. I like apples more. - ì œì¼/가장 : the most
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While the comparative marker is attached to nouns, superlative sentences are made by putting the word '가장/ì œì¼' before adjectives, noun modifiers or adverbs.
그게 ì œì¼ ì˜ˆë»ìš”. That one is the prettiest.
ì´ê²Œ ì œì¼ ìž‘ì€ ì—°í•„ì´ì—ìš”. This is the smallest pencil.
ê·¸ë¶„ì´ ì œì¼ ìž˜ 가르ì³ìš”. He teaches best of all.
(He is the best teacher.)
안나가 ì œì¼ ì»¤ìš”. Anna is the biggest. - The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 거예요' : will
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(1) -ㄹ 거예요 : If the verb stem ends in a vowel.
안나씨, ë‚´ì¼ ë í• ê±°ì˜ˆìš”? Anna, what will you do tomorrow?
ì €ëŠ” ë‚´ì¼ ì´ì‚¬ë¥¼ í• ê±°ì˜ˆìš”. I will move tomorrow.
(2) -ì„ ê±°ì˜ˆìš” : If the verb stem ends in a consonant.
지금 ì 심 ë¨¹ì„ ê±°ì˜ˆìš”? Will you have lunch now?
아니오, 30분 í›„ì— ë¨¹ì„ ê±°ì˜ˆìš”. No, I will have it in 30 minutes.
If the subject of the sentence is the 3rd person pronoun, this pattern indicates likelihood or probability. - The Marker '-까지' : all the way up to
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This marker '-까지' indicates goal of the time and place, attaching to nouns of place or time.
어디까지 가세요? How far are you going?
ì‹œì²ê¹Œì§€ 가요. I am going as far as City Hall.
아홉시까지 오세요. Please come by - The Marker '-부터' : from (when)
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The marker '-부터' indicates a movement away from a certain place or time.
It is much more commonly used for time than place.
For place, the marker '-ì—ì„œ' is better.
9시부터 12시까지 í•œêµì–´ë¥¼ 공부해요. I study Korean from nine to twelve.
몇 시부터 ìˆ˜ì—…ì„ ì‹œìž‘í•´ìš”? What time does class begin?
(From what time do you begin class?)
ì´ê²ƒë¶€í„° 하세요. Do this first.
여기부터 ì½ìœ¼ì„¸ìš”. Read from here. - The Marker '-ì—ì„œ' : from
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The marker '-ì—ì„œ' is attached to place nouns and indicates a starting point of movement.
안나는 호주ì—ì„œ 왔어요. Anna came from Australia.
LAì—ì„œ New York 까지 멀어요? Is it far from LA to New York ?
You have studied this marker '-ì—ì„œ' denoting dynamic location. If someone does something at a certain place. this marker designates the location. Let's review it.
서강 대학êµì—ì„œ 공부해요. I study at Sogang University.
í•œêµì‹ë‹¹ì—ì„œ í•œêµ ìŒì‹ì„ 먹어요. I eat Korean food at a korean restaurant. - '-ã„·' Irregular verbs
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The final consonant '-ㄷ' of the verb stem changes '-ㄹ' when followed by a vowel, but it does not change when followed by a consonant.
듣다(to listen): 듣 + 어요 ---> 들어요.
묻다(to ask): 묻 + 어 보다 ---> 물어 보다.
걷다(to walk): 걷 + 었어요 ---> 걸었어요. - '-ㅂ' Irregular verbs
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Some verbs of which the verb stems ends in the final consonant '-ã…‚' are irregular. When the final consonant '-ã…‚' of the verb stem is followed by a vowel, it changes into 'ìš°'. The vowel which follows the verb stem is usually 'ì–´ìš”' except for some verbs like 'ë•ë‹¤' and '곱다'. When the final consonant '-ã…‚' of the verb stem is followed by a consonant, it does not change.
ì¦ê²ë‹¤ (to be pleasant) ì¦ê±°ìš° + ì–´ìš” -> ì¦ê±°ìš°ì–´ìš” -> ì¦ê±°ì›Œìš”
(contraction)
반갑다 (to be glad) 반가우 + 어요 -> 반가우어요 -> 반가워요.
춥다 (to be cold) 추우 + 었어요 -> 추우었어요 -> ì¶”ì› ì–´ìš”.
ì–´ë µë‹¤ (to be difficult) ì–´ë ¤ìš° + ㄹ거예요 -> ì–´ë ¤ìš¸ 거예요.
ë¥ë‹¤ (to be hot) ë”ìš° + ì–´ 보여요 -> ë”ìš°ì–´ 보여요 -> ë”워 보여요.
ë•ë‹¤ (to help) ë„ìš° + ì•„ìš” -> ë„ìš°ì•„ìš” -> ë„와요.
곱다 (to be pretty) ê³ ìš° + ì•„ìš” -> ê³ ìš°ì•„ìš” -> ê³ ì™€ìš” - The pattern' -(으)ㄹ까요?' Shall we(I) ~ ?/Will it be ~ ?
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The pattern '-(으)ㄹ까요?' is used to express inquiring about someone's opinion, view or appraisal on a certain matter or fact with the action verb.
In this case, the subject of the sentence is always the first person, singular or plural.
우리 거기ì—ì„œ ë§Œë‚ ê¹Œìš”? Shall we meet there?
ë¬´ì—‡ì„ í• ê¹Œìš”? What shall I do?
늦었으니까 비행기로 갈까요? Because we are late, shall we go by airplane?
When used with the adjectives, or with '있다(to exist)' or 'ì´ë‹¤(to be)', the subject of the sentence is the third person, and it express doubt or polite denial.
í•œêµì–´ê°€ ê°€ 재미있ì„까요? Will Korean be interesting?
(or You say Korean is interesting ?)
ì´ê²Œ ë” ë‚˜ì„까요? Will this one be better?
ë„ì„œê´€ì´ ì €ê¸°ì— ìžˆì„까요? Will the library be over there?
(Do you think the library is over there?) - The Propositive '-(으)ㅂ시다' : let's --(propositive)
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This form is used to expressing the subject's suggestion with the action verbs and the verb of existence '있다'. It cannot be used with 'ì´ë‹¤' nor with adjectives.
빨리 갑시다. Let's go quickly.
í•œêµì–´ë¥¼ 공부합시다. Let's study Korean.
ì—¬ê¸°ì— ìžˆì시다. Let's stay here.
기차로 갑시다. Let's go by train.
ì´ë²ˆ 주ë§ì— 만납시다. Let's meet this weekend.
'- ì시다.' is used after verb stems ending in a consonant.
먹(다) + -ì시다 ; 먹ì시다.
'- ㅂ시다.' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel.
가(다) + ㅂ 시다 ; 갑시다. - The pattern '-(으)ㄹ게요' : I will do --
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This form is used for expressing the speaker's intention or plan or promise. It is used with action verbs as well as with the verb 있다, but not with adjectives.
ì œê°€ í• ê²Œìš”. I will do it.
거기ì—ì„œ 기다릴게요. I will wait (for you) over there.
ë‚´ì¼ ê°ˆê²Œìš”. I will go tomorrow.
ì œê°€ ë„와 드릴게요. I will help you. - The pattern' -ê³ ì‹¶ì–´í•˜ë‹¤' : want to do -, would like to -
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This pattern `-ê³ ì‹¶ì–´ 하다' is used to express desires in third person subject statements and questions with all verbs and `있다'.
Tense is expressed in the verb `싶어 하다', such as `싶어 했어요'
Negation is expressed in the verb `싶어 하다' with `-지 않다', such as `싶어 하지 않아요' - The pattern '-ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다' : One knows (doesn't know) how to do sth
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This pattern is used to express the knowledge or lack of knowledge of a technique or process of doing something.
ìžë™ì°¨ ìš´ì „í• ì¤„ 알아요(아세요) ? Do you know how to drive ?
네, ìš´ì „í• ì¤„ 알아요. Yes, I know how to drive.
아니오, ìš´ì „í• ì¤„ 몰ë¼ìš”. No, I don't know how to drive.
피아노를 ì¹ ì¤„ 알아요(아세요) ? Do you know how to play the piano ?
네, ì¹ ì¤„ 알아요. Yes, I know how to play.
아니오, ì¹ ì¤„ 몰ë¼ìš”. No, I don't know how to play.
The Tense is expressed with the verb '알다/모르다`. - The pattern '아/어/여 주다(드리다)'
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When the verb '주다' and its respectful counterpart '드리다'(to give) are used in the pattern '-아/어/여 주다(드리다)', it expresses the speaker's request for something or offer to do something for someone else. '주다' is used for a request or offer to a social equal or inferior.
ì €ë¥¼ ë„와 ì£¼ì‹œê² ì–´ìš” ? Would you be kind enough to help me ? (Will you help me ?)
ì´ê²ƒì„ ì½ì–´ 주세요. Please read this for me.
ë‚´ê°€ ë„와 줄게. I will help you.(to an inferior)
'드리다' is used when the speaker makes an offer or request to a social superior, or in any situation when the speaker wants to be polite.
ë„와 드릴까요 ? Shall I help you ?
ì œê°€ ë„와 ë“œë¦¬ê² ì–´ìš”. I will help you.
안나한테 ì½ì–´ 드리세요. Please read it for Anna. - '-르' irregular verbs
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1. When '르' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-ì–´' and preceded by the vowels '-ì•„-' or '-오-', it is changed into 'ë¼'. And the consonant '-ㄹ' is added to the preceding syllable.
모르다 ( not to know) --> 몰ë¼ìš”
ë¹ ë¥´ë‹¤ ( to be fast) --> 빨ë¼ìš”
다르다 ( to be different) --> 달ë¼ìš”
ì €ëŠ” ì˜ì–´ë¥¼ 몰ë¼ìš”. I don't know English well.
비행기는 빨ë¼ìš”. The plane is fast.
ì „í™”ë²ˆí˜¸ê°€ 달ë¼ìš”. The phone number is different.
2. When '르' of the verb stem is followed by the vowel '-어' and preceded by any other vowel than '-아-' or '-오', it is changed into '-러'. Then the consonant '-ㄹ' is added to the preceding syllabel.
부르다( to sing): 노래를 부르세요. Sing a song.
기르다( to bring up): ì €ëŠ” ì–´ë ¸ì„ ë•Œ, 강아지를 ê¸¸ë €ìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤ - The ending '-ã…‚/습니다'
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People use this formal polite speech style when they speak to strangers, casual acquaintances, superiors, their elders, and social inferiors in formal situations
1.1 The formation of present tense
The declarative verb form is made by attaching '-ㅂ/습니다' to the verb stem and '-ㅂ/습니까?' must be attached to the verb stem to make the interrogative verb form. '-ㅂ니다/-ㅂ니까?' is used after verb stems (or the honorific infix -시-) ending in a vowel and '습니다/습니까?' after verb stems ending in a consonant.
가다: 가 + ㅂ니다/ㅂ니다 갑니다/갑니까?
묻다: 묻 + 습니다/ 묻습니다/ 묻습니까?
ê°ì‚¬í•©ë‹ˆë‹¤ Thank you
ê¸°ë¶„ì´ ì¢‹ìŠµë‹ˆë‹¤ I feel good
1.2 The formation of past tense
The declarative form is formed by attaching '-았(었/였)습니다' to the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '-았(었/였)습니까? to the verb stem. The declarative form is made the same way as the past tense of the informal polite speech style. '습니다/습니까?' is attached to '-았/었/였' instead of '-어요'.
만나다: 만나 + 았습니다/았습니까? 만났습니다/만났습니까? (contraction)
주다: 주 + 었습니다/었습니까? 주었습니다/주었습니까? 줬습니다/줬습니까? (contraction)
하다: 하 + 였습니다/였습니까? 했습니다/했습니까? (contraction)
ì–´ì œ ìŒì•…회가 좋았습니다. The music concert was good yesterday
ìˆ˜ì—…ì´ ì–¸ì œ ë났습니까? When did the class end?
ì–´ì œ 피곤했습니다. I was tired yesterday.
1.3 The formation of future tense
The declarative form is formed by attaching '(으)ㄹ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤' to the verb stem and the interrogative form is made by adding '(으)ㄹ ê²ë‹ˆê¹Œ?' to the verb stem.
보다: ë³´ + ㄹ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤ ë³¼ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤.
먹다 :먹 + ì„ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤ ë¨¹ì„ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤
ì €ëŠ” ë‚´ì¼ ì¼ì° ì¼ì–´ë‚ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤. I will wake up early tomorrow.
그냥 ë‘세요. ê´œì°®ì„ ê²ë‹ˆë‹¤. Just leave it. It will be O.K.
1.4 The formation of the imperative form
The imperative verb form is made by attaching '-(으)ì‹ì‹œì˜¤' to the verb stem. '-ì‹ì‹œì˜¤' is used after verb stems ending in a vowel and '으ì‹ì‹œì˜¤' after verb stems ending in a consonant
오다 : 오 + ì‹ì‹œì˜¤ 오ì‹ì‹œì˜¤.
입다 : ìž… + 으ì‹ì‹œì˜¤. 입으ì‹ì‹œì˜¤.
ì–´ì„œ 오ì‹ì‹œì˜¤. Come on in.
ë‹¤ìŒ ìž¥ì„ ì½ìœ¼ì‹ì‹œì˜¤. Read the next chapter. -
The pattern '-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다'
: can/cannot do, be able to do/not be able to do -
The pattern -ㄹ/ì„ ìˆ˜ 있다/없다 is used with verbs and indicates ability,capability,possibility or permission.
(1) - ㄹ 수 있다 ; It is used when the verb stem ends in a vowel:
Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form
가(다) 가 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다 갈 수 있어요/없어요
사(다) 사 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다 살 수 있어요/없어요
주(다) 주 + -ㄹ 수 있다/없다 줄 수 있어요/없어요
(2) -ì„ ìˆ˜ 있다 ; It is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant:
Infinitive Form Formation Inflected Form
먹(다) 먹 + -ì„ ìˆ˜ 있다/없다 ë¨¹ì„ ìˆ˜ 있어요/없어요
ìž…(다) ìž… + -ì„ ìˆ˜ 있다/없다 ìž…ì„ ìˆ˜ 있어요/없어요
ìž¡(다) ìž¡ + -ì„ ìˆ˜ 있다/없다 ìž¡ì„ ìˆ˜ 있어요/없어요
The past tense form `-았/ì—ˆ/였-' and the future tense form `-ㄹ/ì„ ê±°ì—ìš”' are combined with the final verb `있다/없다'
ê°ˆ 수 있었어요 ë¨¹ì„ ìˆ˜ 있었어요
ê°ˆ 수 ìžˆì„ ê±°ì—ìš” ë¨¹ì„ ìˆ˜ ìžˆì„ ê±°ì—ìš” - The connective '-(으)ë©´' : 'if, when ...'
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The connective `-(으)면' can be used with any verb or adjective and indicates condition and/or stipulation. While in English a dependent clause which is introduced with 'if' can either precede or follow the main clause, in Korean the dependent clause precedes the main clause. '-면' is used when verb stem ends in a vowel or the consonant '-ㄹ' and '-으면' is used when verb stem ends in all consonant except '-ㄹ'.
ê·¸ ì˜í™”ê°€ 재미있으면 ë³´ê² ì–´ìš”. If the movie is interesting, I will see it.
비가 오면 가지 맙시다. If it rains, let's not go.
Sometimes, the word `만ì¼/만약' is used at the beginning of a conditional clause as a signal of the condition.
만약 ê·¸ë¶„ì„ ë§Œë‚˜ë©´, 안부 ì „í•´ 주세요. If you meet him, give him my regards. - The pattern '-지 ë§ë‹¤' : don't do
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On it's own, the verb `ë§ë‹¤' means 'to stop, to cease, to quit.' So the pattern
'-지 ë§ë‹¤` preceded by an action verb expresses prohibition or dissuasion. This pattern is always used as a negative imperative sentence or a negative propositive sentence.
í•™êµì— 가지 마세요. Please don't go to school.
늦게 주무시지 마ì‹ì‹œì˜¤. Please don't go to bed late.
지금 ë– ë‚˜ì§€ 마세요. Please don't leave now.
울지 마세요. Don't cry.
버스는 타지 맙시다. Let's not take a bus.
ì˜¤ëŠ˜ì€ ê·¸ë¶„ì„ ë§Œë‚˜ì§€ 맙시다. Let's not meet him today. - The connective -(ì•„/ì–´/ì—¬)ì„œ: so, because
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The connective `-(아/어/여)서' is used to indicate cause or reason. In this case, it is mostly used with adjectives and '가다'(to go), '오다'(to come), '없다'(don't have) etc. in declarative and interrogative sentences. That is, `-(아/어/여)서' cannot be used in imperative and propositive sentence, where another connective '-(으)니까' is used. (This connective will be explained later.)
피곤해서 집ì—ì„œ 쉬었어요. I was tired, so I took a rest at home.
ë°”ë¹ ì„œ 못 갔어요. I was busy, so I couldn't go. - Honorific system
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Korean has two types of honorifics.
(1) One type is expressed by combining `-시-' with verbs, indicating and respect on the part of the speaker for the person spoken to. The honorific form is made by inserting '-(으)시-' between the verb stem and the endings like -아(어/여)요, 었어요, -ㅂ니다, 었습니다, -ㅂ니까? or 었습니까? '-시-' is used when verb stem ends in a vowel and '-으시-' is used when verb stem ends in a consonant.
가다 가 + 시 + 어요 가 + 시어요 가세요
받다 받 + 으시 + 어요 받 + 으시어요 받으세요
오다 오 + 시 + 었어요 오 + 시었어요 오셨어요
ì½ë‹¤ ì½ + 으시 + 었어요 ì½ + 으시었어요 ì½ìœ¼ì…¨ì–´ìš”.
하다 하 + ì‹œ + ㅂ니다 하ì‹ë‹ˆë‹¤
찾다 찾 + 으시 + 었습니다 찾 + 으시었습니다 찾으셨습니다
There are also special honorific verbs indicating respect for the person spoken to. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the subject of the sentence.
Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning
먹다 잡수시다 to eat
ìžë‹¤ 주무시다 to sleep
있다 계시다 to exist, to be
아프다 편찮다 to be sick
ë§Žì´ ìž¡ìˆ˜ì„¸ìš”. Help yourself.
ê¹€ì„ ìƒë‹˜ 계세요 ? Is Mr.Kim there?
어머님께서 ë§Žì´ íŽ¸ì°®ìœ¼ì„¸ìš” ? Is your mother seriously sick ?
(2) The other way is to use respectful verbs. They are special words used by the speaker to express his own humility and, simultaneously, show his respect for the person with whom he is speaking. These honorifics are used when the person deserving respect is the object of the sentence.
Plain Form Honorific Form Meaning
주다 드리다 to give
묻다(ë§í•˜ë‹¤) ì—¬ìˆë‹¤/ì—¬ì™ë‹¤ to ask/to tell
보다 뵙다 to see/to meet
ë°ë¦¬ê³ 가다/오다 ëª¨ì‹œê³ ê°€ë‹¤/오다 to take/bring someone to somewhere
If you learn these honorific/respectful forms, you can handle most of the honorific/respectful expressions - '-ㄹ' irregular verbs
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The final consonant 'ㄹ' of the verb stem is dropped when it is followed by the endings which begins with the consonants '-ㄴ,-ㅂ,-ㅅ'.
살다(to live) ì–´ë””ì—ì„œ 사세요? Where do you live?
알다(to know) ì €ëŠ” ê·¸ ì‚¬ëžŒì„ ìž˜ 압니다. I know the person well.
팔다(to sell) ê·¸ 가게ì—ì„œ ë¬´ì—‡ì„ íŒŒë‹ˆ? What they sell at the store?
ë§ë‹¤(don't) 들어오지 마세요. Don't come in. - Korean
- Korean