Psych 300 Exam 2
Course Objective Terms & Definitions from Chapters 4,5,6,7,8,10 (excluding 9) of the textbook "Understanding Psychology" Eight Edition, Robert S. Feldman, Published by The McGraw Hill Companies.
Terms
undefined, object
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- Mental Set
- Holding for definition
- Intrinsic Motivation
- Holding for definition
- Absolute threshold
- The smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected.
- Basilar Membrane
- A vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound.
- Closure
- We usually group elements to form enclosed or complete figures rather than open ones. We tend to ignore the breaks in object and concentrate on the overall form.
- Instinct Theory
- Holding for definition
- Withdrawl
- Physical symptoms when you withdraw or remove drug from system of a dependant person.
- Instincts
- Holding for definition
- Verbal Store
- Holding for definition
- retroactive interferenece
- Holding for definition
- Semicircular Canals
- Three tubelike structures of the inner ear containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain. This movement is sense by the Otoliths, tiny motion sensitive crystals in the semicircular canals.
- Proactive Interference
- Holding for definition
- Afterimage
- Occurs because activity in the retina continues even when you are no longer staring at the original picture: However the afterimage will show the opposite colors than the object you originally were staring at. IE: You will look away and see the "negative" of the original.
- Flashbulb Memory
- Holding for definition
- Sleep Disorders
- Holding for definition
- Phonemes
- Holding for definition
- Linear Perspective
- Distant objects appear to be closer together than are nearer ones.
- Overlearning
- Holding for definition
- Semantic Memory
- Holding for definition
- Adaptation
- An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli * when you put on the clothes, you feel it... after a while you do not. our brain tells us about changes, but will stop when it is status quo.
- Cochlea
- A coiled tube in the ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
- Lens
- light passes through the pupil and the lens; the lens is responsible for focusing the image on the back of the eye. The Lens is behind the pupil - The lens acts to bend the rays of light so that they are properly focused on the rear of the eye. The lens focuses light by changing its own thickness, a process called Accommodation.
- Mantra
- Holding for definition
- Display Rules
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- Mental images
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- Motivation
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- Optic Nerve
- bundle of Ganglion Axons leaving the eye and going to the brain.
- Iconic Memory
- Holding for definition
- Latent Content of Dreams
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- Spreading activation
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- Forgetting / Forgetting Curves
- Holding for definition
- Perception
- is our interpretation of the raw data. - subjective. The sorting out, interpretation, analysis and intergration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain.
- Storage
- Holding for definition
- Algorithm
- Holding for definition
- Optic Chiasm
- The point at which the optic nerves from each eye meet (between both eyes).- when each optic nerve then split. When the optic nerves split, the nerve impulses coming from the right half of each retina are sent to the right side of the brain, and the impulses arriving from the left half of each retina are sent to the left side of the brain. Because the image n the retinas is reversed and upside down, however those images coming from the right half of each retina actually original in the field of vision to the person's left, and the images coming from the left half of each retina originated in the field of vision to the person's right.
- James-Lange theory of emotion
- Holding for definition
- Eardrum
- named such because it operates like a miniature drum, vibrating when sound waves hit it. The vibrations are then transferred into the middle ear, a tiny chamber containing three bones (the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup) that transmit vibrations to the oval window, a thin membrane leading to the inner ear.
- Feature detection
- the ability of the brain to identify specific components of visual stimuli such as corners or edges
- Need for affiliation
- Holding for definition
- Insulin
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- Keyword Technique
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- Serial position Effect
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- Repression
- Holding for definition
- Sleep Stages
- ■ Stage 1 - State of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low amplitude brain waves. short, only a few minutes. This is the stage where your heart rate is decreasing, as is your breathing. Easy to wake you. / ■ Stage 2 - A deeper sleep than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower more regular brain pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" (the spike) approx 20 minute long - still easy to wake up from - when they wake they tend to be fairly alert - Sleep talk and walk occurs / ■ Stage 3 - Characterized by slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep. Rather short, a few minutes long, transition phase into stage 4, these stages have very similar characteristics. -Sleep talk and walk occurs - delta, or slow waves (for both) - Is more difficult to wake person/ ■ Stage 4 approx 30 min. Deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. Sleep talk and walk occurs, you have delta or slow waves - harder to wake up...do automatic responses sometimes, groggy. conversations in sleep. - "dont ask when you are sleeping" ■ Stage 5 which is called REM sleep. Occupying 20 percent of an adult's sleeping time, characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate, rapid eye Movement -10 minutes. starts an hour in. - have dreams -sleep paralysis ( Paradoxical Sleep)
- Fuctional fixedness
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- Thinking
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- Insomnia
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- Levels of processing theory
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- Classes of Drugs with Examples
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- Metabolism
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- Associative models
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- Procedural memory
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- Visual spectrum
- The range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to. Violet blue, green, yellow Red.
- Autobiographical Memories
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- Muller-Lyer Illusion
- Although the two lines are the same length, the one with the arrow tips pointing inward appears to be longer than the one with the arrow tips pointing outward.
- Social Factors in Eating
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- Visual Store
- Holding for definition
- Mnemonics
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- Extrasensory Perception
- perception that does not involve our known senses. apparent power to perceive things that are not present to the senses
- Facial-feedback hypothesis.
- Holding for definition
- Telegraphic Speech
- Holding for definition
- Just noticeable difference
- not the minimal diffrence, but the minimal amount of change in stimulation required to detect the difference between two stimuli,.
- Rods
- highly sensitive - takes very little to activate them -High Acuity -black n white - light vision
- Sensation
- raw data: Is the activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. the faculty through which the external world is apprehended - Ex. "in the dark he had to depend on touch and on his senses of smell and hearing"
- Constructive processes
- Holding for definition
- Parts of the eye and their functions:
- Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Ciliary Process (muscle), Retina, Rods, Cones, Optic Nerve, Optic Disc (blind Spot), Fovea
- Function and meaning of dreaming
- Holding for definition
- Sudden Infant Death Snydrome
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- Optimal Arousal Theory
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- Addictive Drugs
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- Method of Loci
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- Prototypes
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- Parts of the Ear
- Outer Ear: Temporal bone, External Auditory Meatus, Eardrum / Middle ear: Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup / Inner Ear: Semicirucular canals, Cochlea (Basilar Membrane covered by Hair Cells), Oval Window
- Feature Analysis
- An approach to perception suggesting that we perceive a shape, pattern, object or scene through the reaction of specific neurons to the individual elements that make up the stimulus.
- Hypnosis
- Holding for definition
- Learning-Theory Approach
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- Divergent Thinking
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- Proximal Stimuli
- the physical representation of that object or event at or within the transducers
- Settling Oint
- Holding for definition
- Jet Lag
- fatigue and sleep disturbance resulting from disruption of the body's normal circadian rhythm as a result of jet travel
- Implicit Memory
- Holding for definition
- Depth Perception
- The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance.
- Language
- Holding for definition
- Source Amnesia (misattribution)
- Holding for definition
- Automatic and effortful Encoding
- Holding for definition
- Detoxification
- removing the drug from the persons system. This causes stress & illness during process.
- Sensitivity
- The ability to detect Stimulus: small physical amounts or differences
- Phyme
- Holding for definition
- Phonology
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- Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
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- Monocular Cues
- In some cases, certain cues permit us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just one eye. Such cues can be Motion parallax, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective
- Primacy & Recency Effects
- Holding for definition
- Cognitive Approaches to Motivation
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- Means-ends analysis
- Holding for definition
- Babble
- Holding for definition
- Relapse
- occurs when person cannot resist going back to the drug.
- Optic Disc
- The optic disc is also called the blind spot. It is called this because there are no receptors in this part of the retina. This is where all of the axons of the ganglion cells exit the retina to form the optic nerve.
- Similarity
- Elements that are similiar in appearance we perceive as grouped together.
- Agonists
- -increases activity or effectivness (Dopamine, for instance, will increase the activity in the brain)
- Repressed Memories
- Holding for definition
- Syntax
- Holding for definition
- Sleep
- requirement for normal human functioning. It is reasonable to expect that our bodies would require a tranquil "rest and relaxation" period to revitalize themselves, and experiments with rats show that total sleep dep result in death.
- Consolidation
- Holding for definition
- Ebbinghouse
- Holding for definition
- Proximity
- We perceive elements that are closer together as being grouped together. As a result, we tend to see pairs of dots rather than a row of single dots.
- Binocular Disparity
- the difference in the images seen by the left eye and the right eye.
- Bulimia
- Holding for definition
- Overgeneralization
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- Thinking & Reasoning
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- Chunking
- Holding for definition
- Opponent-process theory of color vision
- Theory that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other. Works in the retina and in the later stages of neuronal processing. Pairs are blue-yellow, red-green & black white. When you over work the receptors that see green, black and yellow and then look away, the opposite receptors will fire instead, and you get the afterimage of Red, white & blue! Example from text: Stare at the dot on this flag for about a minute and the look at a piece of plain white paper. Most people see an afterimage that converts the colors in the figure (which are green, black and yellow) into the tradition red, white and blue US Flag.
- Narcolepsy
- Holding for definition
- Hallucinogens
- Holding for definition
- Episodic Memory
- Holding for definition
- Spacing Effect
- spacing out intake of information increases permanent memory storage; IE: Space out study instead of cramming... cramming will cause overload of synaptic function, and cause you to forget a great deal of the material. If you space out your time with study, you will most likely remember more.
- Hierarchy of Needs- Maslow
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- Social-Cultural
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- Poggendorf Illusion
- When stripped down to its basics, gives the impression that two objects traveling diagonally towards each other will pass each other instead of colliding as they actually would if they continue upon their path.
- simplicity
- When we observe a pattern we opt for the simpler interpretation to explain what we are seeing.
- Universal Grammar
- Holding for definition
- Primary & Secondary Drives
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- Anterograde & Retrograde Amnesia
- Holding for definition
- Cue-dependent Forgetting
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- Organization Cues
- Holding for definition
- Depressants
- Holding for definition
- Figure/ Ground
- Figure: the object being perceived / Ground: The background or spaces within the object : We tend to organize our perceptions by distinguishing between a figure and a background
- Obesity
- Holding for definition
- Weight Set Point
- Holding for definition
- Light Adaptation
- The opposite phenomenon of Dark adaptation is Light Adaptation, or process of adjusting to bright light after exposure to dm light 0 occurs much faster, taking only a minute or so.
- Facial affect program
- Holding for definition
- Korsakoff's Syndrome
- Holding for definition
- Visual Illusion
- physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
- Acuity
- or the ability to perceive two separate stimuli (separated either in space or in time) as being distinct and separate
- Effective Note-Taking
- Holding for definition
- Elaborate Rehearsal
- Holding for definition
- Encoding
- Holding for definition
- Gestalt Laws of Organization
- A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes. : Closure, Proximity, Similarity & Simplicity.
- Acoustic Encoding
- Holding for definition
- State Dependant Memory
- Holding for definition
- Concepts
- Holding for definition
- Need for Achievment
- Holding for definition
- Narcotics/Opiates
- Tend to have pain reducing effects: Heroin, Morphine, Methadone
- Sensitization
- The exact opposite of Tolerance: With the same dose you get more effect with repeated administrations. Think overdose, or Allergins: Instead of getting used to a stimulous, you become allergic.
- Language-Acquisition Device
- Holding for definition
- Iris
- muscle that controls the pupil - the part of the eye that contains color: the size of the pupil open depends on the amount of light in the environment. The dimmer the surroundings are, the more the pupil opens to allow more light to enter.
- Ganglion Cells
- Collect and summarize visual information, which is then moved out of the back of the eyeball and sent to the brain through a bundle of ganglion axons called "the optic nerve."
- Stimulus
- The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. (information being received)
- Semantic Encoding
- Holding for definition
- Retrieval
- Holding for definition
- Distal Stimuli
- the actual outward object or event in the outer world that is being perceived
- Heuristic
- Holding for definition
- Noise
- the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them. Noise is defined by psychophysicists as background stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli.
- Convergent Thinking
- Holding for definition
- Visual Encoding
- Holding for definition
- Circadian Rhythms
- biological clock. our clock resets every 24 hours with triggers like sunlight, noise, etc. , A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotc organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.
- Practice and Rehearse
- Holding for definition
- Retina
- back of the eye - contains the photoreceptors : Consists of a thin layer of nerve cells at the back fo the eyeball. There are two kinds of light sensitive receptor cells in the retina. The names they have been given describe their shapes: rods & cones.... Which are concentrated on the part of the retina called the Fovea.
- Motion Perception
- is the process of inferring the speed and direction of elements in a scene based on visual input. Movement of images across the retina balanced by factoring information about our own head and eye movements along with information about changes in the retinal image.
- Interference
- Holding for definition
- Incentive Approaches to Motivation
- Holding for definition
- Daydreams
- Holding for definition
- Difference threshold
- The smallest level of added or reduced stimulations require to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred.
- Fat Cells
- Holding for definition
- REM Rebound
- With this effect, REM-deprived sleepers spend significantly more time in REM sleep than they normally would. People being deprived of REM Sleep, by being awakened every time they begin to display the psychological signs of that stage show this phenomenon when they are allowed to rest undisturbed.
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
- depression sx during winter (atypical sx including increased sleep and increased appetite and decreased energy). abnormal melatonin (tx with light and PO melatonin.
- Sleep Paralysis
- During REM sleep you cannot move, though many things are going on in the mind.
- Insight
- Holding for definition
- Long Term potentiation
- Holding for definition
- Drug Ues
- Holding for definition
- Perceptual Constancy
- is a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite the changes in their appearance or in the physical environment.
- Explicit Memory
- Holding for definition
- Rehearsal
- Holding for definition
- Up regulation
- Increases sensitization issues. Creats more receptors, can cause schitzophrenia & hieghtened dopamine levels. Introduce an antagonist to lower up-regulations
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Holding for definition
- Hair Cells
- Tiny cells covering the basilar membrane that, when bent by vibrations entering the cochlea, transmit neural messages to the brain.
- Semantics
- Holding for definition
- Biological basis of memory
- Holding for definition
- Encoding Specificity
- Holding for definition
- Top-Down Processing
- Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations.
- Bipolar Cells
- receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that information to the ganglion cells.
- Echoic Memory
- Holding for definition
- Decay
- Holding for definition
- Binge Eating Disorder
- Holding for definition
- Need for Power
- Holding for definition
- Extrinsic Motivation
- Holding for definition
- Sound
- the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration.
- Amnesia
- Holding for definition
- Subliminal Perception
- Refers to the perception of messages about which we have no awareness. the stimulus could be a word, a sound or even a smell that activates the sensory system but that is not intense enough for a person to report having experienced it.
- Glucose
- Holding for definition
- Prime
- Used in subliminal perception testing: Descriptive label that is flashed briefly at a person. Later they form impressions that are influenced by the content of that flashed label.
- Bottom-Up Processing
- Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole.
- Intensity
- Different types of stimuli activate different sense organs at different levels of intensity. The issue of how the intensity of a stimulus influences our sensory responses is considered in a branch of psychology known as psychophysics.
- Arousal Approaches to Motivation
- Holding for definition
- Fals memories
- Holding for definition
- Short-term memory
- Holding for definition
- Relative Size
- If two objects are of the same size, the one that makes a smaller image on the retina is farther away that the other one: Also, it is not just the size of the object that tells us about distance, the quality of the image on the retina helps us judge distance.
- Dark Adaptation
- Both Rods & Cones are involved in dark adaptation, the phenomenon of adjusting to dim light after being in brighter light. The speed at which dark adaptation occurs is a result of the rate of change in the chemical composition of the rods and cones.
- Internal & External Hunger Cues influences
- Holding for definition
- Tollerance
- The more you take the more you need to take in order to get the same effects as before. End of getting less of an effect for the same dose over time.
- Visual Illusions
- distorted perception of objects and other external stimuli that may be due to misleading cues in the objects themselves
- Declarative memory
- Holding for definition
- Problem Solving
- Holding for definition
- Memory Trace
- Holding for definition
- Eating Disorders
- Holding for definition
- Methadone
- Holding for definition
- Cannabinoids
- THC, Hashish, Marijauana - sometimes mixed in w/ hallucinogens or stimulants.
- Psychophysics
- the study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them.
- Grammar
- Holding for definition
- Activation-Sytheses Therory
- Holding for definition
- Emotions
- Holding for definition
- Pupil
- the hole or the "nothing" (black part in middle) through which light enters the eye.
- Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation, Drive Reduction Theory
- Holding for definition
- Recognition vs. Recall memory
- Holding for definition
- Creativity
- Holding for definition
- Homeostasis
- Holding for definition
- Learned Associations
- Holding for definition
- Lateral Hypothalamus
- Holding for definition
- Down Regulation of receptors
- gets rid of receptors- this increases tollerance. It is reversable with recovery most of the time.
- Recovery
- Long term process after detox.
- Dreams-for-survival-Theory
- Holding for definition
- Antagonists
- slows down or blocks activity
- Stimulants
- Holding for definition
- Priming
- Holding for definition
- Cognitive Theory
- Holding for definition
- Accommodation
- To make images clear for objects at different distances from the eye, its optical power needs to be changed. This is accomplished mainly by changing the curvature of the lens. For distant objects, the lens needs to be made flatter, for near objects the lens needs to be made thicker and more rounded.
- Hippocampus
- Holding for definition
- Cornea
- helps filter out ultra violet light- It is a transparent, protective window. The cornea, because of its curvature, bends (or refracts) light as it passes through to focus it more sharply. After moving through the cornea, the light traverses the pupil. (over time, the cornea can become clouded: this phenomenon is called "cataracts".
- Self-Actualization
- Holding for definition
- Schemas
- Holding for definition
- Incentive Theory
- Holding for definition
- Central Executive
- Holding for definition
- Ventromedial Hypothalamus
- Holding for definition
- Long-Term Memory
- Holding for definition
- Unconscious wish fulfillment Theory
- Holding for definition
- Frequency Theory of Hearing
- of hearing the theory that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound.
- Ciliary muscle
- (control the lens - so you can keep focus. The ciliary muscle affects zonular fibers in the eye (fibers that suspend the lens in position during accommodation), enabling changes in lens shape for light focusing. When the ciliary muscle contracts, it releases the tension on the lens caused by the zonular fibers (fibers that hold or flatten the lens). This release of tension of the zonular fibers causes the lens to become more spherical, adapting to short range focus. )
- Eyewitness testimony
- Holding for definition
- Drive
- Holding for definition
- Body Image & eating disorders
- Holding for definition
- Weber's law
- A basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is in constant proportion to the intesity of an initial stimulus. Just noticeable difference needs to be stated as a proportion to the initial stimulus.
- Working memory
- Holding for definition
- Cones
- low sensitivity takes a lot to activate them-low Acuity-color vision
- Fovea
- the fovea is a particularly sensitive region of the retina. If you want to focus on something of particular inters, you will automatically try to center the image of the fovea to see if more sharply. There is a high density of cones at the Fovea, however there are no rods.
- Place Theory of Hearing
- the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
- Meditation
- Holding for definition
- Sleep Apnea
- Holding for definition
- Sensory memory
- Holding for definition
- Leptin
- Holding for definition
- Trichromatic theory of color vision
- The theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths :Book definition from "Understanding Psychology") / A theory proposing that our perception of color is determined by the ratio of activity in three receptor mechanisms with different spectral sensitivities. : (online)
- Arousal Theory
- Holding for definition
- Biological Hunger Factors
- Holding for definition
- Sleep / Dream
- periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - restorative - Dreams? unfinished thoughts - can help w cognitive possessing, could be things that are buried in your unconscious. Manifest Content : What you actually dream, Latent Content : underlying hidden content in your dream
- Motion Parallax
- is the change in position of an object on the retina caused by a movement of your body relative to the object.
- Memory
- Holding for definition
- Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
- Holding for definition
- Anorexia Nervosa
- Holding for definition
- Night Terrors
- Holding for definition
- Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
- Holding for definition
- Retrieval Cues
- Holding for definition