Clinical Chemistry
Terms
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- Formula for Creatinine Clearance
- Ccr = UV/P x 1.73/A
- Formula for Urea Clearance
- Uun/BUN x V x 1.73/A
- Formula for Anion Gap
- [Na] + [K] - [Cl+HCO3]
- Formula to find LDL levels
- Total Cholesterol - (HDL + triglycerides)/5
- Formula for FTI
- Total T4- T3 uptake / 100
- Normal Anion Gap
- 8-16 mMOl/L
- partial alveolar CO2 pressure
- 40 mm Hg
- partial alveolar O2 pressure
- 99.92 mm Hg
- Normal H+ concentration in the blood
- 40 nMol/L
- Henderson Has. equation for acid base
-
pH = pKa- log [total Co2 - .03 pCo2]/[.03 p Co2]
pKa = 6.1 - Urine specific gravity
- 1.003- 1.035 g/ml
- Specific gravity vs. Osmality
- Specific gravity measures density whereas osmality measures parts per unit mass
- Buffers in body
-
1) proteins
2) PO4 (40%)
3) HCO3 (60%) - normal creatinine levels
- 70-157 ml/min/m2
- Normal urea levels
- 64-99 ml/min/m2
- Definition of anion gap
- difference between the usually unmeasured cations and the unmeasured anions
- Normal A/G ratios
- 1.5-2.5
- Definition of Buffer capacity
-
Amt of base consumed before upper limit of pH is reached
amt of acid consumed before lower limit of pH is reached - normal osmalality
- less than 10 mOsm
- Tips for case studies
-
1) solve for all variables
2) acidotic or alkolotic
3) respitory or metabolic
4) treatment recommended - formula for osmalality
-
1.86 + glucose + BUN +9
------- ---
18 28 - HCO3 levels
-
Plasm ISF Cell
128 31 8 - Testing BUN
-
1) coupled enzyme test
2) indicator dye - urinary pH
- 4.7 ---7.8
- urine production pathway
-
ornathine---> citrulline ---->
arginine----> oranthine---> urea - function of kidney
-
urine formation
regulation of fluids/ electrol
regulation of acid/base
excretion of waste
hormone function
protein conservation - detection of proteins in urine
-
+ tetrabromphenol blue
turns green/blue
- tetrabromphenol blue
turns yellow - O2 saturation
- % total hemoglobin present as oxygenated hemoglobin
- osmotic pressure depends on:
- the total number of solute particles in solution
- definition of ascites
- leakage of fluids out of vascular space into peritoneal space
- increase in dissolved particles:
-
decreases freezing point
decreases vapor pressure
increases osmotic pressure
increases boiling point - hypotonic vs hypertonic
-
hypertonic: more H2O inside
cell
H2o goes out
cells shrink
Hyptonic:
more H2O outside
cells swell - ionic composition for Na+
-
plasma ISF cell
142 145 10 - Normal range of Na+
- 80--180 mg/dL
- ionic composition for K+
-
plasma ISF cell
4 4 156 - redistribution caused by:
-
acidosis
insulin deficiency
Beta Blockers
digitalis - Excretion of H+
-
1) Rxn filtered buffers
2) filtered bicarb
3) Rx with NH3
4) electrolyte exchange