Communications
Final review for my speech class
Terms
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- Hearing
- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
- Usefulness of visual aids
- Clarifies, makes it interesting, retention
- Thesaurus
- A book of synonyms
- Vocalized pause
- A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh", "er" and "um"
- Articulation
- The physical production of particular speech sounds.
- Evidence
- listen for evidence supporting the main points
- Empathic listening
- listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
- Cliché
- A trite or overused expression
- Pronunciation
- The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
- Listening
- paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
- Connotative meaning
- The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
- Simile
- An explicit comparison, introduces with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
- Creating common ground
- A Technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
- Monotone
- A constant pitch or tone of voice.
- Denotative meaning
- the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
- Comparative advantages order
- A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
- Antithesis
- The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
- Speech to gain immediate action
- A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
- Types of leaders
- implied leader, Emergent leader, designated leader
- Monroe's motivated sequence
- A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
- Technique
- Watch the technique the speaker uses to get the message across
- Practicality
- The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
- Purpose of after
- dinner speech speeches-A speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a lighthearted manner.
- Gestures
- Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
- Extemporaneous speech
- A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
- Graphs
- A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns
- Ethos
- The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
- Volume
- The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
- Pathos
- The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
- Bandwagon
- A fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
- Need
- The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: I there a serious problem or need that reuires a change from current policy?
- Charts
- A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form
- Models
- An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail.
- Hasty generalizations
- An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.
- Concrete words
- Words that refer to tangible objects
- Repetition
- Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.
- Question of fact
- A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
- Problem
- cause-solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.
- Eye contact
- Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
- Fallacies
- An error in reasoning
- Question of policy
- A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
- Vocal variety
- Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and voume that give the voice veriety and expressiveness.
- Guidelines for speeches of introduction
- Be brief, Make sure your remarks are completely accurate, Adapt your remarks to the occasion, Adapt your remarks to the main speaker, Adapt your remarks to the audience, Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama
- Ad hominem
- A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
- Speech to gain passive agreement
- A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
- Pitch
- The highness or lowness of the speaker's volume.
- Terminal Credibility
- The credibility of a speaker at the end of a speech.
- Abstract words
- Words that refer to ideas or concepts
- Rhythm
- The pattern of sound in the speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
- Guidelines for effective informative speaking
- Don't overestimate what the Audience knows, Relate the subject directly to the Audience, Don't be too Technical, Avoid Abstractions, Personalize your ideas
- Dialect
- A variety ofa language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
- Role of informative speaker
- to inform
- Metaphor
- Implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
- Logos
- The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning
- Speech of presentation
- A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
- Inflections
- Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.
- Alliteration
- Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close and adjoining words.
- Burden of proof
- The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
- Red herring
- A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
- Target audience
- The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
- Causal reasoning
- Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.
- Kinesics
- The sutyd of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
- Active listening
- giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
- Problem
- solution order-A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
- Parallelism
- The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
- Plan
- The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
- Listening for main points
- focusing on specific things in the speech
- Defining of traits of a small group
- A collection of three to twelve people who assemble for a specific purpose
- Pause
- A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
- Derived credibility
- The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
- Evidence
- Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
- Critical listening
- listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
- Slippery slope
- A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
- Persuasion
- The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
- Rate
- The speed at which a person speaks.
- Imagery
- The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
- Initial credibility
- The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
- Appreciative listening
- listening for pleasure or enjoyment