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Biology

Terms

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resistance
how blood vessels slow down the flow of blood by being small or large
passive immunity
the immunity babies receive from their mothers
vasodilation
increase in blood vessel radius
IgE
the immunoglobulin class that participates in defense against parasites
asthma
a disease of hyperactive bronchioles
veins
blood enters atria through what?
body surface
first line of defense, non-specific immunity
cell-mediated immunity
when cells of the body carry out immune responses, like when killer T cells attack and destroy infected body cells
secrete antibodies
what do plasma cells do?
respiratory pigments
hemoglobin and hemocyanic are both what?
QRS complex
begins when AV node excites the ventricles, ends when both ventricles depolarize completely
venules
extensions of capillaries
memory and plasma cells
B cells differentiate into what two kinds of cells?
spiracles
insects collect gas through tiny openings called what?
emphysema
advanced lung damages, most commonly caused by smoking
atrium
where blood is collected
systemic hypertension
high blood pressure (over 140/90)
hemoglobin
molecules that contains Fe molecules which bind to O2
baroreceptors
sensitive to changes in BP
diastole and systole
two phases of cardiac cycle
pathogens
disease causing microorganisms
myocardial infarction
when a region of the heart is denied blood
leukocytes
white blood cells, develop from bone marrow
cartilage
what material supports the trachea?
phrenic nerves
the nerves that stimulate the diaphragm
ventricle
pumps blood out
parabronchi
in birds, the bronchi branch into what?
neutrophils
most abundant leukocytes
mast cells
not leukocytes, but do come from bone marrow. secretes histamine
IgA
the immunoglobulin class that are secreted by plasma cells
basophils
secretory phagocytes, give off heparin
double circulation
blood is pumped from heart to lungs, to heart to tissues.
eosinophils
phagocytes found in mucousal surfaces
ram ventilation
a mechanism used by fish that allows water to be swept over their gills by a current, without them having to expend energy
IgG and IgM
two most common of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins
bronchi
the trachea branches into two what?
specific (acquired) immunity
develops only after the body has been exposed to foreign substances
humoral immunity
immunity that comes from blood, like when plasma cells secrete antibodies
clotting
CCS has capacity to do heal itself by what?
immune system
cells and organs in an animal's body that contribute to immune defenses
Cnidarians
Have gastrovascular cavities; jelly fish and hydra
cytokines
chemical mediators secreted at site of inflammation, get into blood stream and attract other cells
phagocytes
cells capable of 'eating' microorganisms
arterioles
distribute blood to capillaries
active immunity
the acquired response to exposure to any kind of antigen
semilunar valves
blood leaves the heart through these valves
veins
carry blood back to heart
monocytes
phagocytes that become macrophages
activate b cells
what do helper t cells do?
natural killer cells
are given what to look for and go kill it
less
is there more or less o2 in water than in air?
P wave
begins when SA node fires, ends when the two atria completely depolarize
arteries
carry blood away from heart
myogenic
hearts with a beat-signaling mechanism inside themself
vasoconstriction
decrease in blood vessel radius
buccal pumping
a mechanism used by fish that uses muscles in mouth to suck in water
variable region
the part of each antibody that makes it different
complement
proteins that circulate in blood until they contact the surface of a microbe. form MAC, and kills the microbe by osmosis
anerobic respiration
diving animals rely on what after there oxygen stores are gone?
ventilation
bringing water or air into contact with a gas exchange surface
single circulation
blood is pumped from heart to lungs, to tissues then back to heart
pleural sac
what encloses each lung for protection
inflammation
an immune response that destroys invaders, clears region of cells and debris, and sets the stage for tissue repair
immunity
the ability to ward off the invasion of bacteria or cancerous cells
bacteria, parasites, and viruses
three types of pathogens
IgA, IgD, and IgE
three less common classes of immunoglobulins
sinoarterial node
pacemaker
pulmonary and systemic circulation
two distinct circuits of 4-chambered heart circulations
stroke
when a region of the brain is denied blood
pharynx
back of throat, where air goes first
closed circulatory systems
cephalopods have what kind of circulatory system?
b and t cells
lymphocytes differentiate into what two kinds of cells?
flow-through lungs
what kind of respiratory system do birds have?
non-specific (innate) immunity
defenses present at birth that act against foreign materials
cytotoxic t cells and helper t cells
two different kinds of t cells
tidal ventilation
how mammals inhale and exhale through the same tubes, and can only do one at a time
capillaries
collect waste products and secretions from cell, as well as deliver blood.
epinephrine
increases pacemaker action potentials, increases repolarization
chemoreceptors
detect changes in pH or partial pressures
gas exchange
moving o2 and co2 in opposite directions between cells and the environment
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
most phagocytes are these white blood cells
Open circulatory systems
arthropods have what kind of circulatory system?
T wave
repolarization of the ventricles back to resting state
larynx
where air goes after it passes through the back of the throat
antibodies
immunoglobulins composed of 4 interlinked polypeptides

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