Biology
Terms
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- resistance
- how blood vessels slow down the flow of blood by being small or large
- passive immunity
- the immunity babies receive from their mothers
- vasodilation
- increase in blood vessel radius
- IgE
- the immunoglobulin class that participates in defense against parasites
- asthma
- a disease of hyperactive bronchioles
- veins
- blood enters atria through what?
- body surface
- first line of defense, non-specific immunity
- cell-mediated immunity
- when cells of the body carry out immune responses, like when killer T cells attack and destroy infected body cells
- secrete antibodies
- what do plasma cells do?
- respiratory pigments
- hemoglobin and hemocyanic are both what?
- QRS complex
- begins when AV node excites the ventricles, ends when both ventricles depolarize completely
- venules
- extensions of capillaries
- memory and plasma cells
- B cells differentiate into what two kinds of cells?
- spiracles
- insects collect gas through tiny openings called what?
- emphysema
- advanced lung damages, most commonly caused by smoking
- atrium
- where blood is collected
- systemic hypertension
- high blood pressure (over 140/90)
- hemoglobin
- molecules that contains Fe molecules which bind to O2
- baroreceptors
- sensitive to changes in BP
- diastole and systole
- two phases of cardiac cycle
- pathogens
- disease causing microorganisms
- myocardial infarction
- when a region of the heart is denied blood
- leukocytes
- white blood cells, develop from bone marrow
- cartilage
- what material supports the trachea?
- phrenic nerves
- the nerves that stimulate the diaphragm
- ventricle
- pumps blood out
- parabronchi
- in birds, the bronchi branch into what?
- neutrophils
- most abundant leukocytes
- mast cells
- not leukocytes, but do come from bone marrow. secretes histamine
- IgA
- the immunoglobulin class that are secreted by plasma cells
- basophils
- secretory phagocytes, give off heparin
- double circulation
- blood is pumped from heart to lungs, to heart to tissues.
- eosinophils
- phagocytes found in mucousal surfaces
- ram ventilation
- a mechanism used by fish that allows water to be swept over their gills by a current, without them having to expend energy
- IgG and IgM
- two most common of the 5 classes of immunoglobulins
- bronchi
- the trachea branches into two what?
- specific (acquired) immunity
- develops only after the body has been exposed to foreign substances
- humoral immunity
- immunity that comes from blood, like when plasma cells secrete antibodies
- clotting
- CCS has capacity to do heal itself by what?
- immune system
- cells and organs in an animal's body that contribute to immune defenses
- Cnidarians
- Have gastrovascular cavities; jelly fish and hydra
- cytokines
- chemical mediators secreted at site of inflammation, get into blood stream and attract other cells
- phagocytes
- cells capable of 'eating' microorganisms
- arterioles
- distribute blood to capillaries
- active immunity
- the acquired response to exposure to any kind of antigen
- semilunar valves
- blood leaves the heart through these valves
- veins
- carry blood back to heart
- monocytes
- phagocytes that become macrophages
- activate b cells
- what do helper t cells do?
- natural killer cells
- are given what to look for and go kill it
- less
- is there more or less o2 in water than in air?
- P wave
- begins when SA node fires, ends when the two atria completely depolarize
- arteries
- carry blood away from heart
- myogenic
- hearts with a beat-signaling mechanism inside themself
- vasoconstriction
- decrease in blood vessel radius
- buccal pumping
- a mechanism used by fish that uses muscles in mouth to suck in water
- variable region
- the part of each antibody that makes it different
- complement
- proteins that circulate in blood until they contact the surface of a microbe. form MAC, and kills the microbe by osmosis
- anerobic respiration
- diving animals rely on what after there oxygen stores are gone?
- ventilation
- bringing water or air into contact with a gas exchange surface
- single circulation
- blood is pumped from heart to lungs, to tissues then back to heart
- pleural sac
- what encloses each lung for protection
- inflammation
- an immune response that destroys invaders, clears region of cells and debris, and sets the stage for tissue repair
- immunity
- the ability to ward off the invasion of bacteria or cancerous cells
- bacteria, parasites, and viruses
- three types of pathogens
- IgA, IgD, and IgE
- three less common classes of immunoglobulins
- sinoarterial node
- pacemaker
- pulmonary and systemic circulation
- two distinct circuits of 4-chambered heart circulations
- stroke
- when a region of the brain is denied blood
- pharynx
- back of throat, where air goes first
- closed circulatory systems
- cephalopods have what kind of circulatory system?
- b and t cells
- lymphocytes differentiate into what two kinds of cells?
- flow-through lungs
- what kind of respiratory system do birds have?
- non-specific (innate) immunity
- defenses present at birth that act against foreign materials
- cytotoxic t cells and helper t cells
- two different kinds of t cells
- tidal ventilation
- how mammals inhale and exhale through the same tubes, and can only do one at a time
- capillaries
- collect waste products and secretions from cell, as well as deliver blood.
- epinephrine
- increases pacemaker action potentials, increases repolarization
- chemoreceptors
- detect changes in pH or partial pressures
- gas exchange
- moving o2 and co2 in opposite directions between cells and the environment
- erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- leukocytes
- most phagocytes are these white blood cells
- Open circulatory systems
- arthropods have what kind of circulatory system?
- T wave
- repolarization of the ventricles back to resting state
- larynx
- where air goes after it passes through the back of the throat
- antibodies
- immunoglobulins composed of 4 interlinked polypeptides