Psych Test Chapters 15-17
Terms
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- conversion hysteria
- physical ailment without an apparent physical cause
- medical approach to conversion hysteria
- keep looking for a physical cause
- Freud's approach to conversion hysteria
- there is a psychological cause, and the cause is unconscious
- how do we know Freud was right about conversion hysteria being psychological?
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- glove anesthesia
- hypnosis (Mesmer) - What did the "talking cure" result in?
- Freud took Breur's "talking cure" and created psychoanalysis
- why study abnormal people to see what's up with normal ones?
- psychological processes of abnormal and normal people are quite similar -> abnormal people are just exaggerated
- psychoanalysis
- the process in which the unconscious is made conscious
- free association
- say what pops into your head
- physical determinism
- Newton - everything physical has a cause and a consequence
- psychological determinism
- Freud - following Newton, if there are no random physical events, there are no random psychological events
- resistances (during free association)
- point at which people resist further associations -> behavioral manifestations of underlying psychological conflict
- what happens when you overcome resistances during free association?
- the following associations will reveal the underlying prorblem, which is either a sexual or aggressive anxiety-provoking desire
- spatial model of human mentation
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big room = unconscious
guard = gatekeeper
little room = conscious - how is anxiety important in the spatial model of human mentation?
- anxiety is the determinant - anxiety-provoking thoughts are not allowed through the gatekeeper into conscious thought
- respression
- suppressing anxiety-causing thoughts so they don't bother you
- neurosis
- repressed desires are transformed for consciou expression
- what's good and bad about neurosis
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good = less anxious
bad = don't know what you want, don't get it, become frustrated - personality
- the manner by which individuals transform repressed anxiety-causing desires into socially acceptable thoughts, feelings, and behavior
- according to "Civilization and its Discontents" why do we repress our sexual/aggresive desires?
- to preserve civilization
- what is "normal" and "abnormal"?
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normal = share a neurosis w/ everyone else
abnormal = 1% are psychotic, 99% just invent their own neurotic symptoms - what are the "big five" dimensions or personality?
- extroversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience
- the trait approach to personality
- way of looking at differences among individuals by developing a standard set of qualities, or attributes, and then describing people in those terms
- the social-cognitive approach to personality
- traits are static and people/situations are not
- Freud's psychodynamic approach to personality
- human acts and thoughts are just the outer expression of a whole host of motives and desires that are unknown to the person himself, often derived from early childhood experiences
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defense mechanisms:
displacement - a forbidden, repressed impulse is rechanneled into an acceptable expression
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defense mechanisms:
reaction formation - the repressed wish is warded off by its diametrical opposite
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defense mechanisms:
rationalization - the person interprets her own feelings or actions in more acceptable terms
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defense mechanisms:
projection - forbidden urges well up and are recognized, but the person attributes them to others
- what are Freuds stages of psychosexual development?
- oral, anal, phallic, genital
- Oedipus complex
- boy wants sex with mom, dad gets in the way, boy hates dad, then fears dad
- The humanistic approach to personality
- people want to become self-actualized and fulfilled
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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bottom = lower order physiological needs, safety needs are higher up, the need for attachment and love is still higher, and the desire for self-esteem is higher yet,
and self-actualization is at the top - psychopathology
- the study of conditions that deviate from normal functioning and are considered mental illness
- What was the ancient belief of the cause of mental illness?
- demonic possession
- What was the turning point at which people realized that mental illness can have biological causes?
- discovered that general paresis was caused by an earlier infection of syphillis, treated with penicllin
- is there a concordance of schizophrenia?
- yes, it is likely genetic because if one twin is schizo, then the other is likely to be also
- how long has there been mental illness?
- since the beginning of recorded history
- is our understanding of the causes of mental illness static?
- no, it has changed over time and continues to change
- how does one choose a particular method of treatment for mental illness?
- by what one believes the cause of the illness to be
- organic pathology approach to mental illness
- physical causes get physical treatments
- psychodynamic approach to mental illness
- unresolved conflict (repressed desires transformed into neuroses)
- three psychondynamic solutions to mental problems
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- just do it (the thing you want and are repressing)
- stoic acceptance (suck it up)
- sublimation (convert problematic desire into socially acceptable behavior) - humanistic approach to mental illness
- psychopathology is detachment from true thoughts and feelings -> help people self-actualize, live in the moment, have faith in others, be open to experience
- existential approach to mental illness
- difficulty coping with reality -> help people find meaning in their lives (cope with death, freedom, isolation)
- generalized anxiety disorder
- generally anxious/afraid all the time
- panic disorder
- anxious only sometimes -> have panic attacks
- phobia
- afraid of something specific, often irrationally
- obsessive-compulsive disorder
- obsessed with things, compulsive behavior
- learning approach to mental illness
- behavior is dysfunctional because of prior messed up learning
- classical conditioning for treating mental illness (systematic desensitization)
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- used for phobias
1) cause original response to become extinct
2) replace original response with a new one that involves pleasure rather than fear - instrumental conditioning for treating mental illness
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- used for OCD
- use rewards to get somebody to give up what they're hoarding - cognitive approach to treating mental illness (maladaptive cognitions)
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- used for depression
- fix problem by fixing beliefs -> "cognitive restructuring" - somatoform disorders
- mental disorders manifested in physical body
- hypochondriasis
- think you're sick when you really aren't
- dissociative disorders -> amnesia, fugue states
- can't remember who you are/how you got where you are
- dissociative identity disorder
- multiple personality disorder
- depression -- 3 explanations
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1) biological: not enough serotonin
2) psychological: people have self-detrimental explanatory styles (internal - everything is my fault, global - i suck at everything, stable - things will suck forever)
3) sociocultural: effects of society (unrealistic standards of beauty, etc) - schizophrenia -- symptoms
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- incoherent thinking
- delusions (elaborate, false beliefs)
- hallucinations (seeing/hearing stuff that isn't there)
- disturbance of affect (attribute things to the wrong causes)
- bizarre behavior - positive symptoms
- those that involve what patients do, see and think that differ from "normal" people
- negative symptoms
- those that involve a lack of normal functioning
- positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- chemical mistake -> too much dopamine
- negative symptoms of schizophrenia
- neuroanatomical symptoms -> structural differences in brain structure
- manic depression
- bipolar -> highs and lows of mania and depression
- borderline personality disorder
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- generally women
- wildly fluctuating moods
- parasitic romantic relationships
- won't accept responsibility for relationships
- result of childhood abuse - antisocial personality disorder
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- generally men
- sociopaths
- love to kill, hurt animals as kids
- no conscience, fear or guilt