ch 18 sage notes
Terms
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- Heliocentric view
- that earth revolved around sun and sun was center of universe
- Scientific Revolution
- new age of science
- Rene Descartes
- Discourse on Method advocated use of deductive reasoning-employed deductive reasoning to prove existence-"cogito ergo sum" "I think; therefore, I am"-logic-science must start with clear and incontrovertible facts and subdivide each problem into as many parts as necessary-relationship between algebra and geometry-analytical geometry-Cartesian dualism
- Scientific method
- Bacon's inductive method and Descartes deductive reason formed backbone
- Catherine the Great
- one of greatest rulers n European history-became queen after husband assassinated-lover of French culture-imported western culture-educational reforms-restricted torture-allowed limited religious toleration-strengthened govt.
- 3 partitions
- Annexed Polish territory with Prussia and Austria-1772, 1793, 1795
- Salon movement
- women played major role-many of brightest minds of Enlightenment assembled to discuss major issues-took part in discussions
- Voltaire
- perhaps most influential of all Enlightenment philosophes-challenged traditional Catholic theology-influential social criticism inspired many to call for change, setting the stage for the French Revoltuion-most famous quote against religious intolerance "Ecracsez l' infame" "Crush the infamous thing"
- Inductive method
- begin with inductive observation, then form a hypothesis, conduct experiments, and then organize the data
- Adam Smith
- Wealth of Nations-considered Bible of capitalism-believed economy is governed by natural laws of supply and demand
- Methodism
- taught need for spiritual regeneration and a moral life that would demonstrate one's having been born again
- Vesalius
- The Structure of the Human Body-renewed and modernized the study of anatomy
- Joseph II
- ruled with mother, Maria Theresa, as coregent-greatest of Enlightened Despots-emphasis on reforms-abolished serfdom-freedom of religion and civic rights to Protestants and Jews-allowed freedom of press-reformed judicial system-abolished torture-expanded state schools-established hospitals, insane asylums, poorhouses, and orphanages-parks and gardens-German official language
- Principia
- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy-explains principle of universal gravitation
- Natural science and reason
- fundamental notion was that natural science and reason could explain all aspects of life
- Pragmatic Sanction
- 1713-issued by Leopold and agreed to by Great Powers that Hapsburg Empire would remain intact under daughter's rule
- Francis Bacon
- formalized empirical method that had already been used by Brahe and Galileo
- State of nature
- humans are basically good but lack protection
- Spirit of Laws
- called for separation of power in govt. into 3 branches-goal to prevent tyranny and promote liberty-principle of checks and balances would ensure that no single branch of govt. became too powerful as the other two branches could check excess power
- Rousseau
- attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying rather than liberating the individual
- Maria Theresa
- not Enlightened-assume Hapsburg Empire from father, Charles VII-improve condition of people through absolute rule-centralized control of empire-brought Catholic church under control-promoted economic development
- John Wesley
- founder of Methodism
- Jansenism
- Catholic sect in France argued against idea of an uninvolved or impersonal God
- Emile
- believed in progressive education; learning by doing; self-expression encouraged
- Quesnay
- leader of physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilist policies-sought to reform the existing agrarian system by instituting laissez faire in agriculture
- Royal Society
- scientific society in England-most successful and prestigious
- Seven Years'' War
- Maria Theresa sought to regain Silesia from Prussia and gained Russia and France as allies-conquer Prussia and divide territories
- Galileo
- developed laws of motion-experimental method-acceleration experiment-law of inertia-developed telescope
- Frederick the Great
- one of greatest rulers in German history-son of Frederick William I-strong military education
- David Hume
- argued against faith in both natural law and faith-claimed human ideas were merely result of sensory experiences-undermined emphasis on reason
- War of Austrian Succession
- Frederick invaded and annexed Silesia, part of the Austrian Hapsburg empire-Frederick violated Pragmatic Sanction whereby the Great Powers recognized that Charles VII's daughter, Maria Theresa, would inherit entire Hapsburg empire-Prussia defeated Austria
- Enlightenment
- emergence of a secular world view for the first time in human history
- Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
- France and Austria, traditional enemies, now allied against Prussia-Britain, traditional ally of Russia, supported Prussia-bloodiest war since 30 Yrs War
- John Locke
- Two Treatises of Civil Govt. philosophical defense for Glorious Revolution-purpose of govt: protect natural rights: life, liberty, property-Essay Concerning Human Understanding-state of nature-tabula rasa
- Junkers
- Prussian nobility-backbone of Prussia's military and state
- Denis Diderot
- Encyclopedia-perhaps greatest and most representative work of philosophes-political and social critiques-popularized views of philosophes-teach people critically and objectively
- Liberum veto
- unanimous agreement for govt. to act
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Social Contract-believed that too much of an emphasis on property, and not enough consideration of people, was a root cause of social injustice-general will: a consensus of the majority, should control a nation-believed that man was in a simpler state of nature was good-a noble savage was corrupted by the materialism of civilization
- Marquis di Beccaria
- On Crimes and Punishment-sought to humanize criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before the law-views influenced Enlightened despots
- Mary Wollestonecraft
- promoted political and educational equality for women
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres-heliocentricism
- Tabula rasa
- human mind was born as blank slate and registered input from senses passively
- Classical Liberation
- political outgrowth of Enlightenment-belief in lassez faire capitalism-belief in progress, human dignity and human happiness-religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, just punishments for crimes, equal treatment before law
- Sir Isaac Newton
- incorporated astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order and design to the universe-Principle of universal gravitation
- Cartesian dualism
- divided all existence into the spiritual and material
- Baron Paul d'Holbach
- System of Nature-argued humans were like machines, completely determined by outside forces
- William Harvey
- On the Movement of the Heart and Blood-explained how blood was pumped by the heart and circulated throughout the body
- Deism
- religious arm of Enlightenment-existence of God was rational explanation of universe and form-created universe and then stepped back and left it running like a clock
- First servant of the state
- Frederick claimed to be this
- German pietism
- argued need for spiritual conversion and religious experience
- Jean de Condorcet
- Progress of the Human Mind-utopian ideas also undermined legitimacy of Enlightenment ideas-identified 9 stages of human progress and predicted 10th stage would bring perfection
- Pierre Bayle
- Critical and Historical Dictionary-advocated complete toleration of ideas-skeptic-major criticism of Christianity and its attempt to impose orthodoxy
- Treaty of Paris
- most important peace treaty of 18th century and most important since Treaty of Westphalia-Prussia permanently retained Silesia-France lost all colonies in N. A. to Britain-Britain gained more territory in India
- Montesquieu
- member of French nobility, hated absolutism of Louis XIV-Spirit of Laws
- Enlightened Despotism
- philosophes inspired and supported reforms of Enlightened despots-believed absolute rulers should promote good of people-religious toleration, streamlined legal codes, increased access to education, reduction or elimination of torture and death penalty
- Tycho Brahe
- built observatory and collected massive data on observations of universe
- Pugachev Rebellion
- Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed
- Immanuel Kant
- greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- father of microscopy-developed powerful microscopes-first to see and write about bacteria, years plants, living organisms in drop of water and circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries
- Philosophes
- committed to fundamental reform in society-popularized Enlightenment, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Jean Jacques ROusseau, Diderot, Beccaria, Quesnay, Smith, Wollestonecraft, d/Holbach, David Hume, Jean de Condorcet, Immanuel Kant,
- Johannes Kepler
- assisted Brahe-mathematically proved Copernican thoeyr-3 laws of planetary motion: orbits of planets are elliptical; planets do not move at uniform speed while in orbit; time it takes for planet to orbit sun is directly based on distance from sun