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Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies Study Guide & CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide, Sixth Edition, (Exam 640-802): Chapter 1

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Hardware Addressing: MAC address burned into every NIC
Routers: Break up broadcast & collision domains
Which layer segments and reassembles data into a data stream?: Transport layer
Cisco Core Layer: Select routing protocols with lower convergence times
Attachment Unit Interface (AUI): allows a one-bit-at-a-time transfer to the Physical layer from the Data Link media access method
Transport Layer: Segments
Ethernet: A baseband LAN specification that allows all hosts on a network to share the same bandwidth of a link
What type of RJ45 UTP cable do you use to connect a PC's COM port to a router or switch console port?: RJ45 UTP rolled cable
Hubs: Do no segment a network
100BaseT: Uses Media Independent Interface (MII), which provides 100Mbps throughput
Rolled Cable: Host to a router console serial communication (com) port
Cisco Distribution Layer: Routing
Broadcast Domain: The set of all devices on a network segment that hear all the broadcasts sent on that segment
Switches: Sometimes referred to as (Multiport) Bridges
Cisco Access Layer: Access control and policies
Cisco Distribution Layer: Implementation of security and network policies, including address translation and firewalls
Physical Layer: Bits
causes of LAN traffic congestion: Too many hosts in a broadcast domain, broadcast storms, multicasting, low bandwidth, hubs, ARP or IPX traffic
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): Is composed of 24 bits, or 3 bytes
Put the following in order of encapsulation: Packets, Frames, Bits, Segments: Segments, packets, frames, bits
Cisco Access Layer: Controls user and workgroup access to internetwork resources
Connection-oriented services: More overhead than connectionless-oriented
Straight-through cable: Host to switch or hub
This layer creates a virtual circuit before transmitting between two end stations: Transport
Routers: Are layer 3 switches
Switches: Work at the Data Link layer and filter the network using hardware (MAC) addresses
1000BaseLX (IEEE 802.3z): Single-mode fiber that uses a 9-micron core and 1300 nanometer laser and can go from 3 kilometers up to 10 kilometers
Logical addressing is used at this layer: Network
Which three statements are true about the operation of a full-duplex Ethernet network?: Full-duplex means you are using both wire pairs simultaneously to send and receive data. You must have a dedicated switch port for each node, which means you will not have collisions. Both the host network card and the switch port must be capable and set to work in full-duplex mode
10Base5: 10Mbps, baseband technology, up to 500 meters in length. Known as thicknet. Uses a physical and logical bus with AUI connectors. Up to 2,500 meters with repeaters and 1,024 users for all segments
Preamble: An alternating 1,0 pattern provides a 5MHz clock at the start of each packet, which allows the receiving devices to lock the incoming bit stream
Why does the data communication industry use the layered OSI reference model?: It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding component development, design, and troubleshooting & It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model
Transport Layer: Uses port numbers to define both the virtual circuit and the upper-layer process
Segmentation of a data stream happens at which layer of the OSI model?: Transport layer
Layered Architecture: When a communication system is designed into logical groupings called layers
Acknowledgments, sequencing, and flow control are characteristic of which OSI layer?: Transport layer
Binding: The communication processes that are related to each other are bound, or grouped together, at a particular layer
What are two purposes for segmentation with a bridge: Bridges break up collision domains, which allow more bandwidth for users
Cisco Core Layer: Switch traffic as fast as possible
Advantages of using the OSI model: divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, allows multiple-vendor development through standardization of network components, encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer, allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate, prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers
Crossover cable: Host to host
Cisco Access Layer: Static routing
Full-Duplex: requires a point-to-point connection when only two nodes are present
Destination Address (DA): Can be an individual address or a broadcast or multicast MAC address
Internetworking: Connecting 2 or more networks together
Routers: Locate networks
Cisco Core Layer: Backbone: responsible for transporting large amounts of traffic both reliably and quickly
Which layer is represented by segments?: Transport layer
Hubs: Can contribute to network congestion
1000BaseSX (IEEE 802.3z): MMF using 62.5- and 50-micron core; uses a 850nano-meter laser and can go up to 220 meters with 62.5-micron, 550 meters with 50-micron
Reference Model: A conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place
Routers: Use the logical address in a Network layer header to determine the next hop
Which fields are contained within an IEEE Ethernet frame header?: Source and destination MAC address & FCS field
Crossover cable: Router direct to host
Routers: Can use access lists to control security on the types of packets that are allowed to enter or exit an interface
What is the decimal and hexadecimal equivalent of 10110111?: 128 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 183, 1011 and 0111. By adding up these values, you get 11 and 7. In hexadecimal, 11 is B, so the answer is 0xB7
Which layer provides logical addressing that routers will use for path determination?: Network layer
You want to implement a network medium that is not susceptible to EMI. Which type of cabling should you use?: Fiber-optic cable
Which layer is responsible for creating, managing, and terminating sessions between applications?: Session layer
Which layer is represented by bits?: Physical layer
Routers operate at layer __. LAN Switches operates at layer __. Ethernet hubs operate at layer __. Word processing operates at layer __.: 3, 2, 1, none
network segmentation: Breaking up a really big network into a number of smaller ones
2 Advantages of Routers: They don't forward broadcasts by default, can perform Layer 3 network filtering
Which layer is represented by frames?: Data Link layer
This device breaks up collision domains and broadcast domains: Router
Collision Domain: The set of all devices on a network segment that must respond to each packet sent on that segment
Aggregate Rate: Rate at 100% Efficency
Hubs: Can be used to enlarge the area covered by a single LAN segment
802.3u (Fast Ethernet): compatible with 802.3 Ethernet
Cisco Core Layer: Design with speed & reliability in mind
Cisco Distribution Layer: Definitions of broadcast and multicast domains
Hubs: Represent a Collision Domain
This device sends and receives information about the Network layer: Router
Cisco Access Layer: Workgroup connectivity into the distribution layer
This device can never run full duplex: Hub
Data: This is a packet sent down to the Data Link layer from the Network layer. The size can vary from 64 to 1500 bytes
Which of the following are unique characteristics of half-duplex Ethernet when compared to full-duplex Ethernet?: Unlike full duplex, half-duplex Ethernet operates in a shared collision domain, and it has a lower effective throughput than full duplex
Which of the following types of connections can use full duplex?: Full duplex must be used on a point-to-point connection between two devices capable of running full duplex. Switches and hosts can run full duplex between each other
This device creates many smaller collision domains, but the network is still one large broadcast domain: Switch or bridge
This device uses hardware addresses to filter a network: Bridge or switch
Full-Duplex: Host NIC must be capable
Full-Duplex: Cannot be used with Hubs
Media Translation: A router property that allows two different types of LAN to communicate— for example, Ethernet to Token Ring
1000BaseCX (IEEE 802.3z): Copper twisted-pair called twinax (a balanced coaxial pair) that can only run up to 25 meters
Cisco Distribution Layer: Redistribution between routing protocols, including static routing
Which layer 1 devices can be used to enlarge the area covered by a single LAN segment?: Hub/Repeater
Auto-Detect Mechanism: When a full-duplex Ethernet port is powered on it first decides on the exchange capability then checks to see if it can run full duplex
Routers: Connect networks together and route traffic from one network to another
Which layer is used for reliable communication between end nodes over the network and provides mechanisms for establishing, maintaining, and terminating virtual circuits; transport-fault detection and recovery; and controlling the flow of information?: Transport layer
Cisco Access Layer: Sometimes referred to as the desktop layer
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): Assigned by the IEEE to an organization
Broadcast: All 1s (or Fs in hex) sent to all devices
Which of the following are types of flow control?: The common types of flow control are buffering, windowing, and congestion avoidance
Fast Ethernet: based on an extension to the IEEE 802.3 specification, except that it offers a speed increase of 10 times that of 10BaseT
Ethernet is defined at these layers: Data Link and Physical
Collision Domain: Each port on a switch
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC): ???
This device creates one big collision domain and one large broadcast domain: Hub
Crossover cable: Hub to hub
Which layer combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames, uses MAC addressing, and provides error detection?: Data Link layer
Hubs: Connect network segments together
CSMA/CD: a protocol that helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on the network medium
What type of RJ45 UTP cable is used between switches?: RJ45 UTP crossover cable
Ethernet: Uses both Data Link and Physical layer specifications
What is the purpose of flow control?: Flow control allows the receiving device to control the transmitter so the receiving devices buffer does not overflow
Collision Domain: Includes the connection between switches
A receiving host has failed to receive all of the segments that it should acknowledge. What can the host do to improve the reliability of this communication session?: Decrease the window size
Which layer chooses and determines the availability of communicating partners, along with the resources necessary to make the connection; coordinates partnering applications; and forms a consensus on procedures for controlling data integrity and error recovery?: Application layer
Routers: Provide connections between virtual LANs (VLANs)
Which layer manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data?: Network layer
Full-Duplex: Switch to Host
Frame Check Sequence (FCS): FCS is a field at the end of the frame that's used to store the CRC
10BaseT: 10Mbps using category 3 UTP wiring. Unlike with the 10Base2 and 10Base5 networks, each device must connect into a hub or switch, and you can have only one host per segment or wire. Uses an RJ-45 connector (8-pin modular connector) with a physical star topology and a logical bus
This layer supports flow control and sequencing: Transport
The OSI model: was meant to help vendors create interoperable network devices and software in the form of protocols so that different vendor networks could work with each other
Ethernet: Uses a registered jack (RJ) connector with a 4 5 wiring sequence on unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling (RJ-45)
Cisco Distribution Layer: Implementation of tools (such as access lists), of packet filtering, and of queuing
Full-Duplex: Host to Host using a crossover cable
Switches: Break up/Create/Increase the number of collision domains within a Broadcast Domain
Routers: Can provide quality of service (QoS) for specific types of network traffic
Which layer provides the physical transmission of the data and handles error notification, network topology, and flow control?: Data Link layer
How does a host on an Ethernet LAN know when to transmit after a collision has occurred?: Once transmitting stations on an Ethernet segment hear a collision, they send an extended jam signal to ensure that all stations recognize the collision. After the jamming is complete, each sender waits a predetermined amount of time, plus a random time. After both timers expire, they are free to transmit, but the must make sure the media is clear before transmitting and that they all have equal priority.
Cisco Access Layer: DDR and Ethernet switching
Multicast: Sent only to a similar subset of nodes on a network
Source Address (SA): A 48-bit MAC address used to identify the transmitting device, and it uses the LSB first. Broadcast and multicast address formats are illegal within the SA field
Switches: Are used to optimize network performance by providing more bandwidth
Half-Duplex: uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both directions on the wire
Full-Duplex: No collisions occur because the transmitted data is sent on a different set of wires than the received data
Full-Duplex: Switch to Switch
Cisco Distribution Layer: The place to implement policies for the network
Routers: Can provide layer 2 bridging functions
1000BaseT (IEEE 802.3ab): Category 5, four-pair UTP wiring up to 100 meters long
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)/Synch: The preamble is seven octets and the SFD is one octet (synch). The SFD is 10101011, where the last pair of 1s allows the receiver to come into the alternating 1,0 pattern somewhere in the middle and still synch up and detect the beginning of the data
At which layer is routing implemented, enabling connections and path selection between two end systems?: Network layer
This device can measure the distance to a remote network: Router
Switches: Locate devices
100BaseFX (IEEE 802.3u): Uses fiber cabling 62.5/125-micron multimode fiber. Point-to-point topology; up to 412 meters long. It uses an ST or SC connector, which are media-interface connectors
Switches: Are used to segment networks, but do not isolate broadcast or multicast packets
Routers: Do not forward broadcast or multicast packets (by default)
Full-Duplex: Uses two pairs of wires
This layer uses service access points: Data Link (LLC sublayer)
Connection-oriented services: Use acknowledgments and flow control to create a reliable session
Connectionless services: Considered unreliable
Inherent Attenuation: the loss of signal strength as it travels the length of a cable and is measured in decibels (dB)
Which layer defines how data is formatted, presented, encoded, and converted for use on the network?: Presentation layer
Crosstalk: the unwanted signal interference from adjacent pairs in the cable
Which layer is represented by packets?: Network layer
Which layer specifies voltage, wire speed, and pinout cables and moves bits between devices?: Physical layer
Which layer is responsible for converting data packets from the Data Link layer into electrical signals?: Physical layer
Transparent Bridging: Used to create filter tables to be able to forward frames to the destination segment
CSMA/CD: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
Straight-through cable: Router to switch or hub
Switches: Do not break up broadcast domains (by default)
Cisco Distribution Layer: Routing between VLANs and other workgroup support functions
Cisco Access Layer: Creation of separate collision domains (segmentation)
Describe router functions: Routers provide packet switching, packet filtering, internetwork communication, and path selection
What is the bit length and expression form of a MAC address?: 48 bits (6 bytes) expressed as a hexadecimal number
Network Layer: Packets or Datagrams
Length or Type: ???
10Base2: 10Mbps, baseband technology, up to 185 meters in length. Known as thinnet and can support up to 30 workstations on a single segment
Crossover cable: Switch to switch
Ethernet: Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Which layer is responsible for keeping the data from different applications separate on the network?: Session layer
100BaseTX (IEEE 802.3u): EIA/TIA category 5, 6, or 7 UTP two-pair wiring. One user per segment; up to 100 meters long. It uses an RJ-45 connector with a physical star topology and a logical bus
Hubs: Don't examine any of the traffic as it enters and is then transmitted out to the other parts of the physical media
Full-Duplex: Requires dedicated switch port
Hardware addresses are defined at this layer: Data Link (MAC sublayer)
When data is encapsulated, which is the correct order?: Data, segment, packet, frame, bit
Tunneling: Encapsulating a frame within a different type of frame
Frames: Used at the Data Link layer to encapsulate packets handed down from the Network layer for transmission on a type of media access
Baseband: uses only one carrier frequency
Connectionless services: Send data with no acknowledgments or flow control
Data Link Layer: Frames
Cisco Distribution Layer: Workgroup Layer
EIA/TIA (Electronic Industries Association and the newer Telecommunications Industry Alliance): Standards body that creates the Physical layer specifications for Ethernet
Cisco Distribution Layer: Provide routing, filtering, and WAN access and to determine how packets can access the core, if needed
Hubs: A multiple-port repeater
Latency: The time from when a frame enters a port to the time it exits a port
Crossover cable: Hub to switch
4 Functions of Routers: Layer 3 packet switching using logical addressing, packet filtering using access lists, Internetwork communication using logical addressing (IP), path selection using routing tables
Which layer ensures the trustworthy transmission of data across a physical link and is primarily concerned with physical addressing, line discipline, network topology, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control?: Data Link layer
MAC Address: A total of 48 bits (6 bytes) in HEX format
Media Independent Interface (MII): Uses a nibble, defined as 4 bits
Gigabit Ethernet: uses a Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII) and transmits 8 bits at a time
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model: created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Attachment Unit Interface (AUI): cannot support 100Mbps Ethernet because of the high frequencies involved
Switches: Forward, filter, & switch frames
Hubs: Must operate at half-duplex when attached to a switch because the end stations must be able to detect collisions
Destination Address (DA): This transmits a 48-bit value using the least significant bit (LSB) first. The DA is used by receiving stations to determine whether an incoming packet is addressed to a particular node
10Mbps Ethernet running full duplex: =20Mbps =200Mbps for Fast Ethernet

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Number of cards 190