WH: Spring Exam 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Samos
- 1878, treaty with us giving extraterritoy
- Deng Xlaoping
- practical reformer, mao's successor
- Liliou Kalani
- Hawaiian queen overthrown in 1893
- Great liberation
- 50 new African nations
- Egypt and Iraq
- leaders toppled monarchs who were tied to western powers
- Diego Rivera
- socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)
- Indigenous
- original people
- Theocracy
- government ruled by religious leaders
- 1947
- Hindu India + Muslim Pakistan
- august 8, 1945
- soviet union declares war on japan
- june 1940
- fall of france
- Middle eastern languages
- over 30 different
- 1975
- democratic rule- greece
- PLO
- Palestine Liberation Organization, whose goal was the destruction of Israel
- 1947
- Indian independence
- European Community (EC)
- Common Market, 1957, goal was to expand free trade, same six nations as the coal and steel community, ended tariffs on goods and allowed workers to move freely (1973) britain joined with ireland and denamrk
- Karol Wojtyla
- archbishop of polish city
- 1975-1992
- rebels in Mozambique starved or killed tens of thousands of civilians, destroyed schools and health clinics
- 1979
- shah actually leaves Iran
- 1979-1997
- convservatives in power
- 1854
- treaty of Kanagawa
- India's 1950 constitution
- banned discrimination of untouchables (lowest caste)
- Algeria
- Located across the Mediterranean from France
- 1974
- Army coup in Portugal topped Salazar's dictatorship
- containment
- limiting communism
- Religion
- atheism favored, Russian Orthodox Church was targeted as bad
- cold war
- for more than 40 years, divided europe into two hostile military alliances
- Locarno treaties
- (1925) seven european nations signed a series of treaties, settled Germany's desputed bordeds, became symbol of a new era
- overproduction
- condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them
- Henri Matisse
- bold color, odd distortions
- Iraq and Syria
- single party won power
- 1967
- greece military rulars came to power
- Totalitarian State
- gov. in which a one-party dictatorship controls every aspect of citizens lives
- 1969
- De Gaulle resigned
- october 1940
- italy invaded greece, greece and yugoslavia added to axis powers
- Theodor Herzl
- responded to growing anthiseminism by founding zionist movement
- Nehru industry
- built dams to produce hydroelectric power and poured resources into industries (steel)
- Robert Mugabe
- leader of an African nationalist group, fought with Nkomo over Zimbabwe, won and became the elected president, called for a one-party system to promote national unity and tolerated little opposition
- 1980's
- Rajiv Gandhi sent troops to smash the rebels in Sri Lanka
- 1946
- new constitution
- European Coal and Steel Community
- (1952) France, west germany, belgium, italy and netherlands, set prices and regulated the coal and steel industries
- margaret thatcher
- 11 years as britain's prime minister, iron lady
- big 3
- russia, us, uk
- Fourth Republic
- (1946) inefective, France
- Partition
- divide
- Rudolf Hoess
- admitted to killing 2.5 million people
- British North American 1867
- dominion of Canada
- september 7
- 57 nights, 15000 people died
- African Focus
- health care, literacy, economic development, end to racism and imperialism, pressed nations of the global North to deal with the unequal distribution of wealth
- 1914
- archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria Hungary and wife are killed in Sarajevo, starts world war one
- August 15, 1947
- Indian independence
- munich conference 1938
- britain and france chose apeasment
- genocide
- deliberate murder
- 1922
- Egypts indep.
- India's development
- lacked oil and natural gas (essential to economic growth) relies on imported oil
- War on terrorism
- U.S. launched an attack on Afghanistan that drove the Taliban from power
- Albert Einstein
- theories of relativity,
- 1936
- itlay conquered ethopia
- Alexandre Dubeck
- liberal reforms to czechslovaki, soviets responded, ousted by warsaw pact
- Women's War
- full fledged revolt. women armed with machetes and sticks mocked British troops and shouted at them
- 2002
- new afghan government set out on the difficult task of restoring peace
- 1953
- Stalin's death
- Commissar
- communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure loyalty
- Stream of Consciousness
- probe a character's random thoughts and feelings without imposing any logic or order
- Civil Disobedience
- a refusal to obey unjust laws
- Provisional Government
- temporary government set up by the Duma politicians
- Maginot Line
- Line, as this defensive "wall" was called, offered a sense of security
- 1999
- poland, hungary and czech republic
- Treaty of Versailles
- June 1919, Germany signed, full blame on Germany, huge reparations, limited size of German military
- Treaty of Kanagawa
- 1854, open 2 ports for america but not for trade
- Charles de Gaulle
- hero of WWII, prez, nuclear force ties with germany
- IRA
- Irish Republican Army
- Sun Yixian
- "father" of Chinese Revolution, new chinese republic took shape, set goal to catch up and surpass east and west powers. Qing Dynasty- collapse 1911, sun hoped to rebuild China on the three principles of the People, little progress happened
- Anwar Sadat
- took steps to open Egypt to foreign investment, moved away from the soviet camp
- thatcher's government
- reduced social welfare grograms and returned gov. run industries to private control
- Self-determination
- right of people to choose own forms of government
- Westernization
- democracy, freedom of speech
- France
- casulties,
- disarmament talks
- reduce the threat of nuclear destruction
- PRI
- gov. leaders organize Institutional Revolutionary Party, dominated Mexican politics ever since, accommodates all groups, backs reforms
- Hitler
- leader of Nazi's, organize his supporters into fighting squads, had an obsession with extreme nationalism, racism and antisemitism, promised to end reparations, create jobs and defy the Versailles treaty
- Middle eastern religions
- Judaism, Christianity and Islam
- Satya-Graha
- nonviolence
- James Joyce
- 'Finnegans Wake' inner mind of sleeping hero
- September 2 1945
- peace treaty
- Canadian pacific railroad
- 1885 east and west
- African independent nations
- Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia and South Africa
- trade deficit
- purchesed more goods than japan bought from them
- Collective
- large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group
- Nehru in Cold war
- welcomed economic aid from superpowers, embraced nonaligned movement
- 1867
- Unseated shogun restored emperor
- 1973 OPEC oil embargo
- showed that oil could be a powerful diplomatic and economic weapon
- 1990
- Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait
- Intifadas
- uprisings against Israeli occupation
- 1940
- japan advanced, japan bans selling of war materials
- battle of the buldge
- germany and the allies
- 1917
- Balfour Declaration
- Socialist Realism
- artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing soviet life in a positive light
- Third Reich
- under hitler
- India's population issues
- population tripled, growth hurt improvements
- 1989
- first free election in poland
- disarmament
- the reduction of armed forces and weapons
- Postwar Europe
- finding jobs for veterans, rebuilding war-ravaged lands, huge debts, economic problems, social unrest
- 1925
- Reza Khan overthrows the Shah and begins the Pahlavi dynasty
- armistice
- end fighting
- HItler Youth
- poldged absolute loyalty to Germany (young boys)
- 1939
- franco dominated fascist ditatorship
- Muhammad Mosaddiq
- nationalists in Iran's parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry
- truman doctrine
- resist soviet expansion
- Sino-japenese war
- 1894, japan vs. china japan won ports in chia and taiwan
- European political system
- undermined Africa's traditional political systems, they told Africans how to govern, and denied educated African top jobs in colonial governments
- atlantic charter
- august 1941, goals for war, distruction of nazis
- may 1942
- japan controlled much of the philipines
- Hirohito
- Emperor, resigned (1926-1989) japan experienced successes and tragedies
- Benito Mussolini
- intense nationalist, promised to end corruption, and replace turmoil with order, prime minister, built first totalitarian state
- Mohandas Gandhi
- former lawyer who addapted the weapon of nonviolent resistance, he called it staya-graha
- 1934
- Stalin launches the Great Purge, chineses communism make an epic retreat aka the Long March
- Canada act of 1791
- split Canada up
- Osama bin Laden
- planned and carried out 9-11
- 1910
- South African won self-rule from Britain, limited to whites (20%)
- Captain James cook
- Australia and New Zealand
- Nicolae Ceausescu
- romania dictator
- 1928
- 5 year plan
- "phony war"
- quite time, first winter, french hid behind Maginot line
- Homogeneous society
- common culture and language
- Antonio Salazar
- Portuguese dictator, rejected African demands for freedom
- Pandemic
- spread of disease across an entire country or multiple countries
- Oil-rich
- Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, built roads, hospitals and schools
- Economic Policies
- turned to socialism, depended on the industrial world, took foreign loans, built large projects in industry and agriculture
- Brezhev Doctrine
- su had right to intervene in any warsaw pact nation
- 1984
- Desmond Tutu wins Nobel peace prize
- 1989
- end of the Iran-Iraq War and Khomeini's death
- Charles de Gaulle
- president of France (1958)
- guest workers
- in germany and other european countires, from turkey and middle east, provided low-wage labor for booming countires
- Bangladesh Population
- 50 million people live below the poverty level
- Order and progress
- strengthened army, local police and central government
- 1947
- mass migration leading to violence, 10 million fled, 1 million died
- African troops
- came home to discrimination and second-class citizenship at home
- Whites
- counterrevolutionaries
- Josip Tito
- Yugoslavia, battled german forces, communist government
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- civilian president, overthrown and executed by military
- Battle at Somme River
- 1916, attempt to break stalemate, 5 months
- 1917
- us ends neutrality and enters WWI
- Zionist
- jewish nationalist
- december 11
- us enters war
- east germany
- communist, low unemployment, basic health
- SOUTHERN ITALY
- poorer
- Cons of Green Revolution
- only farmers with enough land and money could afford to grown new crops, most used old, depending on methods, little surplus
- Battle of Tannenburg
- Aug. 1914, Russia pushed into Germany, Russia lost
- European Union (EU)
- common market, promoted regional prosperity, pushed for economic unity and politial unity, launched the euro (1999),
- 1922
- irish independence
- Bolsheviks
- elite revolutionary party, small %,
- African education
- emphasized elementary education; colonial rulers built more hospitals and schools. Established few secondary schools and a handful of universities, limited access to education
- west germany
- western alliance
- 1947
- Indian Independence
- William Lyon Mackenzie
- leader of Upper Canada revolt
- 1971
- Pakistani ruler to crush rebels (millions fled to India) India attacked and defeated Palestine
- Comintern
- communist international which aided rev. groups and urged colonial people to rise up
- Mein Kampf
- 'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- pull S.U troops out of afgan
- Storm Troopers
- Hitler's men
- Phan thanh glan
- Viet official and patriot
- Manchuria
- Manzhouguo
- 1936
- spanish civil war
- 1956
- hungarians revolted
- nuclear family
- no leading male
- Spanish American war
- 1848 joined Cuba against Spain
- 1921
- Lenin adopts the NEP and comm. takes a win (still in chaos)
- Gregory Rasputin
- peasant and self-proclaimed "holy man", healer, came to have power over czarina. 1916 had immense amount of power over Alexandria. he appointed officials. assassinated on December 29, 1916
- March 1917
- 1st of 2 revolutions to topple Romanov dynasty
- 1960
- policed gunned down 69 men and women taking part in a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville, government outlawed ANC and cracked down on apartheid opposition groups
- March 1917
- Lenin returns from exile
- NATO
- north atlandtic treaty organization
- Puerto Rico
- us got in Spanish American war, guan and Philippines
- west berlin
- democratic, showcase for german prosperity
- Constitution of 1922
- both democratic and socialist, set up an elected legislature (Supreme Soviet) gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote
- Ariel Sharon
- conservative Israeli announced that there would be no further talks until all anti-Israeli terrorism ceased
- september 1941
- 2 1/2 leningrad seige
- Cecil Rhodes
- leading promoter of British imperialism
- Alexandra Kottontai
- (1905) noted how little attention was paid to the fate of women and women's liberation, became the higheds ranking woman to serve in Lenin's government, and campaigned for women's rights
- polygamy
- the fact or condition of having more than one wife or husband at once.
- 1970's reform
- blamed social and economic ills on blind imitation of western models and applied Islamic principles to the search for solutions
- 1989
- soviet declinded, germany moved towards unification
- Pablo Picasso
- cubism
- OAU problems
- impact was limited, because it had no power to enforce, also strongly opposed interfering in the internal affair of member states
- Zaibatsu
- influential families
- 1980
- striked by ship workers
- 1930
- Salt march
- Gold Coast
- first African nation south of the Sahara to win freedom, British colony
- 1947
- Un drew up plans to partition Palestine in to a Arab and Jewish state, Jews accepted it, but Arabs rejected it
- 1941
- Pearl Harbor
- Amritsar Massacre
- city in N. India, Commander General Reginald Dyer banned public meetings and arrived with 50 soldiers and no warning, in 10 minutes1,000 dead
- Vaclav Havel
- president of czech republic
- 1936
- hitler sent troops into rhineland breaking treaty
- Nationalization
- takeover of property or resources by the gov.
- Reparations
- payments for war damage
- African policies
- new policies toward their African colonies, introduced political reforms that would lead to gradual independence, colonial powers soon learned that they could dictate neither the terms nor the pace of change
- Bill Clinton
- extended Palestinian self-rule and arranged timetables for Israeli withdrawal from disputed lands
- Dutch east India company
- gained control of Moluccas
- nationalization
- government takeover of natural resources, allowed in the constitution of 1917
- 1965
- Southern Rhodesian declared independence
- maria fourcade
- french directed underground
- 1931
- Japan's invasion of Manchuria
- august 9, 1945
- second bomb dropped, nagasaki
- 1882
- Triple Alliance with Italy and Austria Hungary
- Command Economy
- government officials made all basic economic decisions, developed by the S.U
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies
- Whites in South Africa
- controlled vast mineral resources and the most fertile land, passed racial laws to keep the black majority in a subordinate position
- 1980
- Southern Rhodesia became the nation of Zimbabwe
- Nagasaki
- japans only window into the world, Dutch allowed very limited trade
- defaulted
- failed to make payments on debt
- Manzhouguo
- puppet state set up by Japan after they conquered Manchuria
- Hermit kingdom
- Japan
- 1896
- first modern Olympic games in Athens
- Jacques Chirac
- conservative, cut government spending
- Pan-Slavism
- powerful form of nationalism saying al slavs held a common nationality
- Kemal Ataturk
- began campaign to transform turkey into a modern state
- Cheka
- Lenin's secret police
- Druze
- sect derived from Islam
- 1976
- Korea opens ports to Japanese
- Lech Walesa
- organized solidarity
- UN in Africa
- joined after independence, contributed to and benefited from the UN, African served in UN peace missions
- radar
- detect planes
- IRA
- Irish Republican Army
- 1964
- Kenya becomes a republic and Kenyatta a president
- 1994
- yeltsin failed to crush revolt in chechnya
- Platt amendment
- 1901, add to Cuban constitution gave naval bases and right to interfere
- lend-lease act
- early 1941, allowed FDR to sell or lend war materials to any country
- Black Shirts
- supporters of mussolini, broke up socialist rallies, smashed leftists presses and attacked farmer's cooperatives
- Indian Federal system
- powers divided between central government and small local, 15 official languages and 35 regional
- Aswan High Dam
- upper Nile, created a huge reservoir, Lake Nasser, and two million acres of farmland, controlled Nile flood waters and made year round irrigation possible, increased salt content of the Nile, destroyed fish hatcheries
- Nadezhda Krupskaya
- daughter of a poor noble family arrested with Lenin in 1895 and sent to Siveria, married to Lenin, after release they went to Swit. they worked to spread revolutionary ideas, returns with some followers, worked on revolution
- 1973 War
- Arabs attacked Israel but failed to regain territories, Israel refused to give up the territories until Arab nations recognized Israel's right to exist
- pearl harbor
- december 1941, japan attacked
- Japanese Objectives
- destroy militarism, democratic government
- Four Modernization
- agriculture, industry, science, and defense
- OAU
- Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and sough peaceful settlements of disputes
- Cyclones
- fierce circular windstorms
- Kikuyu
- dominant native tribe in Kenya
- welfare state
- government expanded benefits such as unemploment insurance and old-age pensions, built housing fo the poor and provided free or low cost medical care
- 1915
- German submarines sink the ocean liner Lusitanian
- Three Western Democracies
- Great Britain, France, U.S, ruled the Paris Peace Conference and boosted hopes for democracy
- satellites
- dependent states
- Whites
- counterrevolutionaries who were loyal to the czar.
- 1941
- allies control most of west europe
- 1918
- an armistice ends war on nova. 11th
- Revolution of 1905
- Nicholas II failed to fix the politcal, economic and social problems in Russia
- Government
- single-party dictatorship, state control of econ, use of polic spies and terror, strict censorhip and government monopoly of the media
- Sonia Gandhi
- widow of Rajiv Gandhi
- 1917
- Venustiano Carranza is elected & Constitution, two revolutions lead to the creation of a comm. gove in Rusia
- Yitzhak Rabin
- Israeli prime Minster
- Trench warfare
- underground network linker bunkers, trenches and gun emplacements
- welfare state
- government kepps most features of a capitalist economy but takes geater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people
- Constitution of 1917
- addressed the three major issues of land, religion and labor
- Client states
- dependent on the support of a stronger power
- Mobilize
- prepare its military forces for war
- Economic Nationalism
- emphasis on domestic control of the economy
- red guards
- mao's people
- Totalitarian State
- gov. 1 party dictatorship regulates all aspects of a citizen's life
- 1959
- sigapor got independence
- Blacks during Apartheid
- permission to travel and had to carry passbooks or face arrest, assigned to homelands based on ethnic groups, paid less to work, low wages and inferior schooling
- 1984
- Sikh separatists vs. troops of indir Gandhi (Amritsar)
- may 7th 1945
- germany surrenders
- Key Waterways
- Bosporus, Suez Canal and the Persian Gulf
- British Commonwealth of Nations
- (1931) Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
- 1939
- german forces invade Poland WW2 begins
- Deforestation
- destruction of forest land, caused terrible floods
- Outback
- rugged interior
- august 1939
- hitler pact with stalin
- Marie Curie
- found that atoms of certain elements spontaneously release charge particles, radioactivity
- 1949
- cold war divided germany
- Imperialism
- 1905 + 1911 France and Germany competed for colonies because germy wanted to prevent France for imposing a protectorate on morocco and diplomats kept the peace and Germany gained some territory in Africa, and then Britain and France sided together
- Diet
- Japanese Parliament
- april 1940
- war exploded, hitler vs. norway & denmark
- Kollontai
- only high ranking woman to serve in Lenin's gov.
- 2000
- russia's first free election
- 1922
- British gives Egypt independence
- chancellor
- cheif minister
- Mother Teresa
- roman nun, founded order in Calcutta (missionaries of charity)
- 1935
- italy invaded ethiopia
- ethenic clearing
- serbs killed people of other ethnic groups
- Irish Free State
- (1922) agreement, self-governing
- Cultural Nationalism
- pride in one's own culture
- 1947
- united states sent aid to stop communist threat to turkey
- 1979
- detente came to end S.U invaded Afgan
- Zionist Movement
- rebuild jewish state in palestine, migrate there soon and join small jewish communities
- 1963 Nuclear test ban treaty
- banned the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underground was still permitted
- sugihara chlune
- japanese diplomate
- African economy
- expensive manufactured goods and technology from the west, many large farms and mine were owned by westerners
- Debt service
- paying interest on loads, takes 40 percent of the nation's budget leaving little for development
- March 1917
- bread riots in St.Petersburg
- coalition
- temporary alliance
- communies
- several villages
- Un Failure
- tried to help restore peace to Somalia, they withdrew, and Burundi and Rwanda tried to help feed refugees of civil war
- 1962
- French peace with algerians
- Oslo accord
- based on secret discussions held earlier in Oslo, Norway. Signed by Arafat and Israeli prime minister, gave Palestinians in gaze and the west bank limited self-rule under an independent Palestinian authority headed by Arafat
- 1952
- peace treaty, U.S + Japan
- 1979
- Anwar made peace with Israel
- Nelson Mandela
- mobilized young South African, joined ANC, arrested in early 1960's, 27 years in prison, released by F.W. De Klerk, became first democratic president
- 1894
- sino-japenese war
- Surrealism
- movement taht attempted to portray the workings of the unconscious mind
- apartheid
- racial separation and economic and political discrimination against non-whites a policy formerly practiced in the republic of South Africa (abolished in 1989)
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Ghana, skilled political organizers, impatient with Britain's policy of gradual movement, inspired by Marcus Gravey, studied nonviolent methods of India's Gandhi, organized a radical political party, tried to win concessions from Britain, imprisoned then became prime minister
- Arab-Israeli Conflict
- 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973
- general tojo
- japan military leader
- 1976
- mao zedong dies
- 1840
- Canadian act of union
- 1997
- labour party
- battle of stalingrad
- hilter to capture, germany surrendered, 1943, 300,000 killed
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- 1985, soviet leader
- Uhuru
- freedom
- Chancellor
- prime minister
- Anna Akhmatova
- One of Russia's greatest poets, who could not publish her works because it violated state guidelines
- reparations
- payments for damage
- Turkey government
- multiparty democracy
- Porfirio Diaz
- dictator (1875-1880)(1884-1911)
- Emiliano Zapata
- southern Mexico, led a peasant revolt, understood the misery of peasant villagers, followers call Zapatistas
- Pravda
- communist party newspaper
- Neutrality
- policy of supporting neither side in a war
- euro
- singler currency to be used by the EU as currency
- Guomindang
- Nationalist party formed by Sun Yixian
- 1920's
- Mexico recovers from revolution and civil war
- German nationalism
- proud of new empire's military power and industrial leader
- Nehru
- led India
- cuadillos
- local strongmen that assembled private armies to resist central governemt
- sonar
- detect submarines
- 1995
- NATO vs. Serbs
- 1979
- deplomatic relations with china
- Konrad Adenauer
- 1949-1963, chancellor, rebuilt cities, capitalist county
- Madero
- a liberal reformer who demanded free elections and was later elected prez
- Korean war
- N vs. S.
- united germany
- high taxes
- March 1917
- disaster on the battlefiled combined with food and fuel shortages on the home front brought the monarchy to collapse
- 1990
- Lech Walesa president of poland
- Lower Canada
- French (British ignored needs)
- Cecil Rhodes
- took control of the region of Southern Rhodesia
- Reds
- The Bolsheviks, favored a Socialist state. The appealed to nationalism and favored expelling foreigners from Russia.
- Early 1990's
- encouraged foreign investment
- 1979
- OPEC raised prices again triggering a severe recession
- 1919
- May 4th, Pan-African
- Perrez Musharraf
- general, dismissed elected government and suspected constitution, promised to revise economy, fight corruption and restore a stable government
- Durham report
- balled for united Canada
- 1912
- ANC was set up to oppose white domination
- berlin arilift
- lifting food to berlin when they were surrounded by the soviet union
- 1851-1868
- mongkut
- 1931
- Japan adds Manchuria to their empire (Manzhouguo)
- Liberation War in Algeria
- 1954 to 1962, France vs. Algeria, half-million French troops went to Algeria, thousands were killed, and hundreds of thousands of Algerians
- 1956
- economic woes set off riots
- 1937
- japan overran east china
- Night of the Broken Glass
- Kristallnacht, November 17,1938, shot and wounded a diplomat in paris, this was used as a anti-jew thing
- Long March
- (1934) Jiang Jieshi vs. Mao Zedong, 100,000 followers fled Geomindang, 20,000 people survived, stood a symbol of comm. heroism to chinese who opposed Guamin
- Commissar
- communist party offiials assigned to the army to teach party principles and unsure party loyalty
- 1923
- Ataturk modernizes Turkey
- Aborigines
- earliest people living there
- Leonid Brezhnev
- mid 1960's, suppressed dissidents
- collaborators
- helpin nazi's track down jews
- 1980
- Ayatollah Khomeini v. Saddam Hussein
- Militarism
- glorification of military
- kamikaze
- pilots who undertook suicide missions
- Diet
- assembly or legislature of Japan
- 1871
- Japanese government traveled to learn western ways
- Attacks on Mau Mau
- forced into concentrations camps, combers pounded armed mau mau, totaled about 75 dead among whites and 13,000 Kenyans
- june 22, 1940
- germany forced france to surrender
- anschluss
- union of Austria and germany
- war communism
- policy adopted by the communist
- V.I Lenin
- leader of the Bolsheviks, born in 1870 to a middle-class family, his family was branded as a threat to the state, which instilled a hatred for the czarist government, studied Karl Marx and spread his teachings, married to Nadzhda Krupskaya,
- Socialist Realism
- goal was to boost socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light
- 1912
- AFC African National Congress
- 1953
- Us helped oust Mosaddiq
- Entente
- nonbinding formal agreement to follow common policies
- 1933
- Hitler comes to power
- 1999
- hungary, poland and the czech republic entered NATO
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Indian's first prime minister, 1947-1964, worked to build modern state
- 1928
- Stalin proposes a 5-year plan for Soviet economic growth
- Guamindang
- Sun Yixian's nationalist party
- Tony Blair
- 1997, new prime minister, urged focus on needs of citizens
- 1917
- czar is overthrown in the Russian Revolution
- Martin Niemoller
- luthern minister, preached against nazi policies
- Hosni Mubarak
- reaffirmed the peace with Israel, mended problems with Arab neighbors, and pushed for peace
- 1998
- Pakistan and India both tested nuclear weapons
- blitzkreig
- lightning war
- USSR
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- Guernica
- small spanish market town that was attacked in april 1937
- soviet problems
- unproductive agriculture
- Peace, Land, and Bread
- Promise of Lenin & Bolsheviks
- 1945
- Africa was controlled by four European powers
- Cold War affects
- local conflicts within Africa, us and s.u. supported rival groups in southern Africa, two superpowers along the red sea became involved in a long and bloody war between Ethiopia and Somali, left a painful legacy, weapons came to tribes and clans who spread violence across the land
- African heath care
- western doctors developed vaccines for yellow fever and smallpox, helped reduce deaths from malaria more likely provided by missionaries rather than government
- east berlin
- communist,
- Good Neighbor Policy
- Policy of Roosevelt's which led to the recall of US troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; supposed change in US interventionist policy in Latin America, which really represented no change in interests/involvement.
- F.W. de Klerk
- abandoned apartheid, repealed the hated pass laws and lifted the ban on the ANC, freed Mandela, negotiated with Mandela over the terms by which S.A would move to majority rule
- Mao Zedong
- communist who escaped Jieshi's attack and led the Long March
- Indira Gandhi
- daughter of Jawaharlal, killed by bodyguards
- Julius Neyerere
- Tanzania, embraced socialism
- cold war
- conflicting ideologies, soviet union vs. west
- Monroe doctrine
- 1823, American is not allowed to be colonized
- Tour De France
- (1994) crossed from france to england through chunnel
- Autumn of 1929
- jitters caused brokers to call in loans, investors who were unable to repay were forced to sell their stoc
- 1921
- Lenin adoped NEP
- Weimar Constitution
- gove women the right to vote, parliamentary system, and had a bill of rights
- 1914
- U.S attacks Vera Cruz (punish Mex. For imprisoning American soldiers)
- soviet success
- weapons, science, technology, steel
- "great leap forward"
- 1958 increase farma nd indsutry output
- Virginia Woolf
- 'Mrs. Dalloway', explore the hidden thoughts of people
- Pan-Arabism
- arab nationalism, built on shared heritage of Arabs living in the Arbaian Peninsula to North Africa, mphasized common history and lang. sought to free Arabs from foreign dom.
- 1975
- Lebanon civil war
- 1955
- warsaw pact
- Nazi-Soviet Pact
- 1939 bound hitler and stalin to peaceful relations, not to fight if the oher went to war and to divide up poland and other parts of europe
- Canadian act of union
- 1840 elected legislature for domestic policy
- Calcutta & Bombay
- not enough jobs, no water or sewage
- 1912
- educated Africans organize a political party known as the ANC
- Rome-Berlin-Toyko Axis
- Germany, Italy and japan, agreed to fight soviet communism, and not to interfere with each other
- Roosevelt corollary
- 1904, policy to the Monroe doctrine "international police power" in western hemisphere
- guernica
- german air raid, april 1937, 1,600 killed
- bataan death march
- 68 mile 10,000 killed
- Islamic fundamentalists
- wanted to separate religion and government
- Japan industry
- steel, silk
- Caste system
- higher Hindus (better schools and jobs) 1990's tried to open jobs, Hindus protested
- Abstract
- composed of lines, colors, and shapes with no subject at all
- d-day
- june 6 1944, invasion of france, allied troops from english channel broke through german defneses and advanced into paris
- 1969
- ostpolitik
- 1944
- greek government attempted to get cyprus
- Soviet Union
- multinational state made up of European and Asian peoples, all the member republics shared certain rights
- La reforma
- era of reforming 1855
- corporate state
- cascist party controlled industry, agriculture and trade
- 1937
- "Rape of Nanjing"
- Spanish-American war
- 1898 us vs. Spain over Cuba, us won
- 1926
- Britain breaks off relations with the Soviet Union
- No-man's land
- empty tract, pocked with shell holes, wide life is destroyed
- Meiji constitution
- people are all equal before law, emperor power, legislature wad a diet, banking railroads and ports, zzaibatsu, ended legal distinctions
- Pan-Africanism
- emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world
- Kuwait
- Iraqi argued that historically the region was part of Iraq, that would give Iraq one of the world's largest oil-producing areas but also access to the Persian gulf, this was seen as a threat to Saudi Arabia
- 1980's
- japans became industrial leader
- India divided
- hundred of states, wide languages
- 1989
- Japanese women forbidden political power
- Apartheid
- policy of strict racial separation in South Africa
- Sri Lankans
- Buddhists who speak Singhalese, , Tamil-speaking Hindu minority faced discrimination,
- Polygamy
- custom that allows men to have more than one wife
- 1900's
- Bosnia vs. Yugoslavia
- USSR
- Soviet Union, much of the old Russian empire in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- George-Etienne Cartier
- dominate by us
- Recognized
- formally agreed to treat it as a legitimate government
- Boris Yeltsin
- russian leader, radical changes
- warsaw pact
- communist nations of eastern europe
- may 1989
- demonstraters called for reforms
- 1963
- Organization of African Unity
- Leopold Senghor
- part of negritude movement, which rejected negative vies of Africa, wrote "Black Woman", later takes role in Senegals drive to independence and would serve as it's 1st president
- Mao Zedong
- communist who escaped Jiang's attack, unlike others, believed communism should support large peasant masses, redistribute land to peasants, offered schooling + heath care
- august 6, 1945
- atomic bomb on hiroshima
- dissidents
- people who spoke out against government
- 1970
- Nasser dies
- Pakistan industries
- encouraged private or mixed government and private ownership of businesses
- November 1917
- Red Army joined sailors from the Russian fleet in attacking the provisional government. Matter of days Lenin overthrew a government that lacked any support
- Neville Chamberlain
- british prime minister
- Leon Blurn
- (1936) socialist leader
- Ernest Hemmingway
- The Sun also Rises, rootless wanderings of young people who lack motivation
- Ayatollah
- given to learned Shiite legal experts
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- eased the soviet grip on eastern europe, soviet leader
- Cubism
- redefining objects into separate shapes
- Beirut
- capital city of Lebanon
- Carranza
- Prez of Mexico in 1917
- Soviet
- council of workers & soldiers set up by Russia in 1917
- italy
- despite problems, economic gains
- Moluccas
- spice islands
- Homelands
- based on ethnic groups, located in arid, unproductive parts of the country
- neutrality acts
- forbade selling of arms to nations in war, outlawed loans to war nations, prohibited americans from traveling on ships of war powers
- Women's groups
- protested dowry laws
- Jomo Kenyatta
- Kenya, skilled political organizers, leading spokesman for the kikuyu, supported nonviolent methods to end oppressive laws, imprisoned, then released as a national hero, became prime minister and then president
- Radical Groups
- Hamas and Hizbullah, continued their terrorist attacks after the PLO had renounced terrorism
- Propaganda war
- controlling public opinion, spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause
- Kawasaki
- business dynasties who ruled industrial empires
- November 1979
- students take the American embassy for 444 days
- Muslim Pakistan
- two widely separated areas in north
- Impact of WWI
- (1914) fired national pride and united russia, armies fought with enthusiasm, quick strain on resources, factpries didn't have enough supplies, transportation broke down, by (1915) low supplies of gun/ammo
- 1929
- the PRI (institutional revolutionary party) is organized
- bosnia
- civil war
- Punjab region
- Sikaha wanted independence
- Zimbabwe
- international sanctions further damaged the economy and droughts hurt, recovery was slowed by a power struggle between Mugabe and Nkomo, Mugabe won
- Kulak
- wealthy peasants
- 1991 Gulf War
- American missiles and bombers destroyed targets in Iraq, then under the UN banner, coalition forces pushed across the desert to liberate Kuwait, Iraqi blew up hundreds of Kuwaiti oil wells
- India in 1950
- poor, uneducated, divided by change, region language and religious ethnic
- 1961
- berlin wall
- september 1940
- moved italisn forces into egypt, general erwin rummet
- Command Economy
- system in which government officals make all basic economic decisions
- u-boats
- submarines
- Desalinization
- plants that convert salty sea water into fresh water
- Imre Nagy
- 1956, hungary, communist reformer, ended one-party rule and withdrew from WP, which cause S.U to retaliate
- Kashmir
- India's largely Muslim providence
- Popular Front Government
- tried so solve labor problems and passed some social legislation, did not satisfy more radical leftists.
- 1979 to 1989
- soviet troops supported a harsh communist government
- Venustiano Carranza
- conservative, became president of Mexico in 1917, also approved a new constitution
- Israeli development
- built towns for settlers and provided many services, invested in industry and agriculture, skilled and educated work force, built factories and developed advanced farm methods
- 1931
- spanish king leave, republic is set up
- Jordan and Saudi Arabia
- hereditary monarchs
- 1990
- Namibia became independent
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- leader of Muslim league, wanted Muslims to have own state (Pakistan)
- 1916
- Japan tries to establish a protectorate over china
- Pakistan in Cold war
- felt threatened by India and the soviet union, joined united states
- Nikita Khrushchev
- soviet leader, eased censorship
- Vaclav Havel
- president of czech late 1989
- coalition
- temporary alliance of political powers
- Chulalongkurn
- son of mongkut
- GDP
- gross domestic product, total value of all goods and services
- margin buying
- paying part of the cost and borrowing th rest from brokers
- Ahisma
- Hindu belief in nonviolence & reverence for all
- Mikhail Sholokhov
- "And Quiet Flows the Don" was allowed to be published despite restrictions. Won Nobel Prize for literature
- 1895
- Lenin & Nadezhda arrested
- june 1941
- operation barbarossa
- chunnel
- new english channel tunnel, reflected closer ties among britain and france
- Britain
- unemployment, conservatives & labuor, retained colonies
- Irish Republican Army
- carried on a guerrilla war against british forces and their supporters
- Zapatistas
- followers of Emiliano Zapata
- Joshua Nkomo
- leader of an African nationalist group, fought with Mugabe over Zimbabwe, lost
- 1967 War
- Israeli forces won the Golan heights from Syria, east Jerusalem and the west bank from Jordan and the gaze strop and Sinai peninsula from Egypt
- Ataturk Dam
- goal was to irrigate southeastern turkey with water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers turning the region into a breadbasket
- NEP
- New Economic Policy, (1921) allowed capitalist ventures, state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit stopped harassing peasants for grain, and peasants held on to small plots of land and sold surplus
- 1991
- Gorbachev resignes
- Leon Trotsky
- committed Marxist revolutionary that assisted Lenin, turned the Red army into an effective fihting force, use d former czarist officers under watch of commissars
- Ultimatum
- final set of demands
- Japan manufacter
- high tech, skilled workers
- New Deal
- massive package of economic and social programs, regulated the stock market, protected savings, created jobs, aided farmers, social security
- joint ventures
- organize bussinesses ith china
- 1945
- WWII ends
- 1958
- Fifth Republic
- King Victor Emmanuel III
- asked Mussolini to be prime minister
- 1989
- milosevic ended self-rule
- appeasement
- giving in to the demands off an aggressor to keep the peace
- Proletariat
- growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners and urban wage earners
- Collectivizations
- Large farm owned & opperated by peasants as a group.
- Stalin's five-year plan.
- impressive progress in heavy industry, the standard of living remained low, and consumer goods were scarce and poor in quality, agricultural collectives proved to be a disaster
- Economic dependence
- when less developed nations export raw materials and commodities to industrial nations and import manufactured goods, capital and technology
- July 28, 1914
- Austria declares war on Serbia
- 1918
- Treaty of Breast, civil war in Russia
- Zapatistas
- followers of Emiliano Zapata who led a peasant revolt
- St.Petersburg
- Petrograd
- Comintern
- Was an international communist organization founded in March of 1919 by Lenin, this thing wanted to overthrow the international Bourgeoisie and create a socialist state.
- el alamein
- general bernard montgomery stopped romme's advances in egypt
- Israel and Turkey
- multi party democratic systems (Kurds & Arabs faced restrictions)
- Kosovo
- part of serbia
- SWAPO
- Southwest African People's Organization
- collectivization
- pooling of peasant lands
- Weimar Republic
- 1919, democratic government
- 1963
- Kenyatta became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya
- october 1944
- aushwitz jews rebel
- Lee Kwan Yew
- Sing, Pm
- dunkirk
- british went across the english channel to get away from germans to safety
- 1960-70
- IRA attacked protestands and both sides turned to teroism
- Salvador Dali
- surrealism
- 1973
- OPEC cut oil production and raised prices, cause inflation and slowed economic growth
- Totalitarian State
- Came from Soviet Union, a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of its citizens lives. and placed a censorship on books, art and music.
- july 1945
- 1st atom bomb test
- operation barbarossa
- conquest of the soviet union
- Pacifism
- opposition to all war
- Korea
- ruled by Japanese for 36 years
- Meiji
- enlighten rule
- coral sea and midway island
- us damaged
- marshall plan
- food and assistance to europe
- BJP
- Bharatiya Janata party, congress party ruled India until 1990's, wanted election, wanted to unite government and religion
- july 1853
- american ships sailed into tokyo bay commanded by matthew perry
- 1989
- berlin wall toppled
- Ultimatum From Austria
- avoid war and all anti-Austrian agitation must end, from Austria to Serbia
- detente
- (1970's) relaxation of tensions, american and soviet leaders, ended after S.U invaded afgan. in 1979
- 1914
- panama canal opens
- 1939
- WWII begins
- May 10, 1994
- Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first president, marked a new beginning for South Africa
- 1920
- South Africa receive Southwest Africa as a mandate from the League of Nations
- Hirohito
- emperor of china (1926)
- Negretude
- Movement to express African pride
- Agriculture under Stalin
- brought under control, forced peasant to give up land and live on state-owned, on collectives planned to provide tractors
- Fourteen Points
- Jan. 1918, list of his terms for resolving this and future wars
- IMF
- international monetary fund
- Ataturk
- Mustafa Kema, rules w/ iron hand
- 1981
- Sadat was assassinated by Muslim extremists
- 1985
- Protest forced the gov. to impose a state of emergency
- Great Depression
- 1930's, global economic colapse
- 1980
- Saddam seized a disputed border region from Iran, Iraqi forces then pushed deeper into Iran, Iraq used superior weapons (poison gas), attacked international tankers and offshore oil fields, dragged on for 8 years, ending in stalemate
- Dominion
- self governing nation
- 1945
- spain portugal and greens are undeveloped
- 1954
- FLN turned to guerrilla warfare to win freedom, France vs. Algeria
- mafia
- violent criminal syndicate defied government
- March on Rome
- 1922, to demand the government changes, tens of thousands
- Violence in Lebanon
- Israel invaded south to clear out PLO, Syria occupied eastern Lebanon, Palestinian refugee camps were under fire (thousands died), un peacekeeping tried to help but withdrew after hundreds of French and American peacekeepers were killed in suicide bombings
- Indian women
- gained vote, education
- Cheka
- secret police force organized by the communists to start a reign of terror
- 1950's & 1960's
- western cultural influences increased
- Hacienda
- ranch
- may 8th 1945
- VEDAY
- NATO
- western democracies led by the us
- Desbond Tutu
- won the Nobel peace prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid
- Leopold Senghor
- Senegal, skilled political organizers
- Francisco Madero
- early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles
- july 1943
- combined british and american amry and landed in italy, beat italy
- Mandela's South Africa
- whites (3/4) of land, black unemployment, and crime rate made unsafe
- 1945
- Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had western backing but faced many opponents at home, pushed for modernization, used oil wealth to build roads and industries, supported by the army, and the westernized elite but opposition came from everywhere else
- 1948
- Israel became independent
- Ruhr Valley
- coal rich valley occupied by the French
- Peonage
- workers wanted advances and required them to work kit off
- Marcus Gravey
- pan-africanist, set people thinking about the importance of African unity and culture
- Dawes Plan
- france withdrew it forces from the Ruhr, and american loans helped the german economy recover
- Reza Khan
- An ambitious army officer -> overthrew the shah, sets up own PAHLAVI DYNASTY. rused to modernize (builds factories roads and railroads and strengthens the army, adopts western alphabet, clothes, schools)
- Yasir Arafat
- headed the PLO
- Mandela's Promises
- better life for the blacks, rich country with a strong industrial base, introduced new programs from public housings to school lunches
- economic miracle
- rebuilt cities
- mao zedong
- one-party totalitarian state
- African inherited
- borders drawn by colonial powers, often cause immense problems, new nations were made of hostile groups forced to live together in a same country, borders also split people of the same ethnic group into two separate nations, worked to build a sense of unity
- Tokyo
- eastern capital
- Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
- adapted the name Lenin when he became a revolutionary,
- Total war
- channeling of a nations entire resources into a war effort
- 1922
- Ireland become independent
- 1956
- nationalized Suez Canal
- 1992
- deng xiaoping
- Lous reil
- led a revolt of Métis
- Collective
- large farm owned & operated by peasants as a group
- 1992
- destruction of a mosque in Ajodhya, BJP, Hindu came because it was on sacred group
- 1919
- After WWI, the Paris Peace conference convenes, W.E.B. DeBois organized the 1st Pan-African Congress
- 1915
- Twenty-one demands
- Taliban
- fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda
- opium war
- britsh vicotory over china, forced them to sign unequal treaties
- Repudiate
- rejected
- Al-Qaeda
- an international terrorist group led by Saudi named Osama bin Laden
- Maoris
- local people
- nuclear threat
- brought on by cold war + arms race
- Maxim Gorky
- Great russian writer, supported revolition and a friend of Lenin, opposed severity of war comm.
- Leon Trotsky
- assisted Lenin, committed Marxist revolutionary
- Southern Rhodesia
- Cecil Rhodes, settlers turned that into a British colony, whites made up 5% of populating but owned half the land, whites rejected any move to give power to the blacks
- nazi-soviet pact
- bound hitler and stalin, not to fight, divide up poland, base on mutual need
- zaibatsu
- giant bussinesses organization japan resisted
- berlin wall
- (1961) wall that separated the two sectors of berlin, massive concrete barrier topped with barbed wire and patrolled by guards, ugly symbol of cold war
- French Indochina
- Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
- 1929
- stock market crash in NYC triggers global depression of the 1930's
- winston churchill
- British prime minister
- family life
- ideals remzined strong in west, west had fewer children, stayied in school longer, divorce rate climbed
- Mongkut
- 1851-1868, reformed government and modernized army, new technology, and abolished slavery
- Gorbachev Revolution
- ended censorship
- embargo
- block of trad
- Benito Juarez
- la reforma, revised constitution to strip military and end special for church preside in 1861
- 1919
- delegates to the Praia Peace conference draft the Treaty of Versailles, blaming Germany for the war
- 1970's
- spain + portugal, economically undeveloped
- Middle eastern women
- won voting rights and equality before the law
- 1904
- France and Britain sign an entente
- 1999
- vladmir putin president
- berlin
- focus of cold war tensions
- 1999
- Thabo Mbeki became president
- Civil Disobedience
- the refusal the obey unjust laws
- 2000
- Tensions led to renewed violence
- Jiang Jieshi
- (nationalist) Succeeded Sun (1925) energetic army officer, received military training in Japan and wanted to smash warlords and reunite China. 1926- march into north china, crushed warlords and advanced, capital Beijing, mid campaign-> strikes communism (threat to his power) 1927- Guomindang slaughters comm. members, thousands killed in Shanghai
- Russo-Japanese war
- Japan vs. Russian, Japan won
- greater east asia co-prosperity sphere
- anti-imperalism, mission was to help Asians escape western colonial rule
- T.S. Elliot
- 1922- Baste Land, modern world as empty
- Bolshevik Takeover
- Nov, 1917- the red guards joined mutionous sailors from Russia fleets attacking provisional government, days later, Lenin overthrew gov., in petrograd gov meets at winter palace, the temp government failed, no struggle
- dwight eisenhower
- 1942 command of anglo-american force in morocco and algeria
- European Parliament
- multinational body elected by citizens of the common market countries, limited
- domino theory
- cause and effect
- 1853
- United states send naval force to make Japan open its ports to trade
- cyprus
- island inhabited by greeks and turks
- Kashmir
- in Himalayas, Hindu monarch decided to join India, and its Muslim majority wanted to be part of Pakistan
- Ahimsa
- nonviolence and reverence for life
- December 12, 1963
- Kenya regained freedom
- Indian families
- children (economic growth)
- Francois Mitterrand
- encouraged growth of private bussiness
- 1941
- Pearl Harbor -> Japan bombs the shores of Hawaii
- Guan
- us after Spanish American war
- Oil-Poor
- Turkey and Egypt, lacked capital needed for development
- Labour party
- gained support among workers by promoting a gradual move towards socialism
- Reds
- The Bolsheviks, favored a Socialist state. The appealed to nationalism and favored expelling foreigners from Russia.
- december 1941
- pearl harbor
- Rape of Nanjing
- Dec. 13th 1937- Japan kills 100,000 people
- general strike
- (1926) strike by workers in many different industries at the same time, lasted nine days and involved three million
- december 7 1941
- pearl harbor
- II Duce
- "the leader"
- Alfred Nobel
- regrets military use of dynamite, sets up noble peace prize
- Nicholas & Alexandra
- czar, After Revolution of 1905 he failed to solve Russia's basic political, economic and social problems, this sparked eruptions. March 1917 the first of two revolutions toppled the Romanov dynasty and started more radical changes.
- LDP
- liberal democratic party
- Superpower favoritism
- supplied arms to governments it favored, (S.U disliked nations who pursued capitalism) boosted the power of the military, contributing to instability
- Mexican war
- 1845, united states annexed Texas, us won and got half of Mexico
- Marxism Predictions
- industrial working class would rise spontaneously to overthrow capitalism
- Middle east
- region between Europe and china, Japan and southeast Asia
- David Ben-Gurion
- Israel's first prime minister
- 1956
- nikita denounced stalins power
- 1919
- Pan-African Congress meets
- Atheism
- The officially state policy that there is no god.
- Early 1960's
- UN peacekeepers helped stop the fighting in Zaire
- Psychoanalysis
- method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders
- Kibbutzim
- collective farms produced crops for export
- Kurds
- forbidden to speak, publish or broadcast in their own language, nationalists continued to press for autonomy
- British/French mandates
- won complete independence as Lebanon, Syria and Jordan
- Whites
- counterrevolutionaries who were loyal to the czar.
- great pproletarian
- cultural revolution
- 1948
- Afrikaner National party won majority in a "white-only" parliament
- March first movement
- march 1, 1919 nonviolent protest of Japan, symbol of Jordan nationalists
- 1971
- china --> UN
- Flapper
- liberated young woman, bobbed hair, short skirts, unchaperoned dates, cigs, and drank
- Bolsheviks
- communist party under Lenin
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- reflected belief that the function of a building should determine its form
- Franklin Roosevelt
- (1932) sense of energy, New Deal, Social Security
- Conscription
- "draft" requires all young men to be ready for military or other services
- cultural nationalism
- pride in one's own culture
- Asian tigers
- privatized industries and foreign investments, 1990's role in textile,
- Battle of Gallipoli
- 1915, allies sent to open Dardanelle Strait, Turks tied down Allies on beaches, 10 months later, Allies withdrew
- Kwame's Actions
- organized a radical political party, tried to win concessions from Britain
- 1979
- John Paul II visits poland
- Ruhollah Khomeini
- Iranian religious leader who denounced the government
- 1936
- francisco franco led a revolt
- Penal colony
- preseason
- Panama canal
- 1914, backed panama against Colombia (1903)
- Upper Canada
- English (resented British power)
- Ultranationalist
- extreme nationalists
- "Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika"
- God Bless Africa
- Rajiv Gandhi
- grandson of Jawaharlal,
- service industry
- one that provides a service rather than a product
- 1991
- slovenia indepondence
- Pan
- Arabism- movement to set up free Arabs from foreign domination and reunite in own state
- Fascist Party
- 1919 veterns + unhappy italians
- Maronites
- Christian sect held the most power
- Kremlin
- former czarist center of government
- Pakistan financial crisis
- borrowed heavily from leaders such as the World Band and IMF
- Peasants
- killed farm animals, destroyed tools, burn crops, grew enough to feed selves, famile (5.8 million died in ukraine)
- march 1939
- took over czechoslovakia (g)
- 1930's
- "good neighbor policy", Ghandi, Salt movement, muslim league
- Bauhaus
- school in germany, that influnced architecture by blending science and technology with design
- Kurds
- ethnic group decided by modern borders among Turkey, Iraq and Iran, efforts to win autonomy led to repression
- Ghana symbolism
- gold coast (European interests in Africa) Ghana (linked the new nation with the region's African past)
- Easter Rising
- (1916)small irish group launched a revolt against british rule
- 1999
- new conflicts, India accused Pakistan of funding groups inside Kashmir who opposed Indian rule, tensions remain high
- Saddam Hussein
- leader of Iraq
- Pros of Green Revolution
- new seeds, chemical fertilizers and irrigation methods boosted output
- Arab-Israeli War of 1948
- uprooted 700,000 Arabs from Palestine, un set up shelters, poverty-stricken camps have become permanent homes
- Egyptian Problems
- economy could not keep pace with population, living in slums, miseries of urbanization
- pacifism
- opposition to all war and disgust with the destruction
- 1957
- Gold coast won independence
- Meiji restoration
- 1868-1912, studied west
- Muslim Brotherhood
- (1930's) fosters broad Islamic nationalism rejecting western cultures and denounced corruption in Egypt Gov.
- Lebanon
- diverse ethnic and religious groups
- armenia
- seized azenbajain
- May Fourth Movement
- may 4th 1919, student protests in beijing, boycotting japanese goods, a cultural and intellectual ferment to strengthen china. (key role- joined marches, campaighned to end arranged marriages and foot binding)
- Proletariat
- working class
- 1947
- India independence
- Aletta Jacobs
- Dutch, women's suffrage, Women's, international league for peace and freedom
- Gestapo
- hitler's secret police
- 1925
- Mussolini becomes II Duce, suppresses rival parties, mussled the press, rigged the elections and replace elected officials with fascist supporters, italy still remained a parliamentary monarchy
- PRC
- peoples rebublic of china
- Guantanamo naval base
- got in Platt amendment
- east germany
- soviet orbit
- glasnot
- openess
- Arab League
- promoted Arab solidarity in times of crisis and worked for common economic goals
- International tensions
- great powers expanded armies and navies
- 1980
- Iraq invades Iran
- holocaust
- nazi's massacred some 6 million jews in this
- African National Congress
- political party (1912) worked through legal means protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans, it had no effect on sa's white government
- Masakhane
- Mandela's slogan and policy, "let us build together"
- PLO's in Lebanon
- developed into an important force in the Palestinian refugee camps, they crossed intro Israel to attack civilian and military targets
- Colonial expectations
- African leaders would almost immediately transform authoritarian colonies into democratic nations
- 1922
- Mussolini becomes leader of Italy
- war crimes
- violating rules of war
- Vojislav Kostunia
- Serbia president after 2000
- Great Purge
- (1934), stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas
- Munich Conference
- september 1939, appeasement, caved into hitler's demands and then persuaded the czechs to sureencder
- 1916
- death of Rasputin
- 1955
- Jacques chira, conservative approach
- Dhoti
- simple white garment, boycott of Br. textiles urged them to wear this
- 1899
- First universal peace conference in Netherlands, set up Hague tribunal
- Armistice
- agreement to end fighting
- Concentration Camp
- detention cneters for civilians considered enemies of the state
- 1990's
- japan is in economic
- lightining war
- bomb airfields, factories, towns and cities
- Bangladesh Struggles
- to rise out of poverty, geography stands in the way, large population is crowded on a low lying coastal plain
- Erich Maria Remarque
- (1929) "All Quiet on th Western Front"
- lily litvaik
- pilots
- Daimyo
- financial hardship, money was needed, wealth in land rather than cash, heavy expense of maintaing households
- End of Cold War
- nations in western and eastern europe sought normal relations, communism fell from power in S.U, which broke up into seperate republics, warsaw pact disolved, NATO redefined its role
- Saddam Hussein
- brutally suppressed all critics and persecuted Kurds and Shiites
- Haile Selassie
- Ethiopian king
- Mau Mau
- guerrilla warfare burned farms and destroyed livestock, hoping to scare whites, attacked settlers and Africans who worked with the colonial rulers
- Stalemate
- deadlock where neither side is able to defeat the other
- Ulster
- The largely Protestant northern counties remained under British rule
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- (1928) every independent nation, promise to renounce war as an instrument of national policy
- 1980's
- one-child per family rule
- 1894
- France and Russia form an alliance
- commonwealth of nations
- some former colonies that preserved their ties with britain
- 1914
- central powers ( Germany and Australia Hungary)
- 1990
- Lebanon finally had some order, PLO forced out of southern Lebanon, private armies disarm and the capital rebuilt
- 1938
- hitler engineered anschloss, forced nazis on australian cabinet
- 1950's
- S.U tightened grib
- 1990
- germany approved unification
- Cons of Apartheid
- life of restrictions, clacks treated like foreigners, banned marriages between the races and set up segregated restaurants
- 1999
- powerful earthquakes shook western turkey, killing or injuring 10,000
- 1911
- Diaz resigned
- John MacDonald
- urged confederation our unity of providences
- Harijans
- children of god
- 1962
- Khrushchev built nuclear missles
- Nuremberg Laws
- severe restrictions of jews, prohibited from marrying non-jews, attending or tteaching at german schools or universities, hlding government jobs, practicing law or medicine, or publising books
- Jazz Age
- pioneered by African american musicians who combined west with africa (Louis armstrong)
- Rudyard Kipling
- 1900 popular writer
- 1920's
- Stalin, "women's war"
- Soviet
- councils of workers and soldiers, at first worked democratically within the government
- island hopping
- never staying on one island
- Late 1990's
- UN oil-for-food program
- Modernization
- advances
- 1916
- Battle of the Somme, 1 million soldiers killed, war remains deadlock
- Simone de Beauvoir
- (1949) analyzd the status of women in western society.
- Red Army
- communists
- Muhammad Ali-Jinnah
- Muslim league leader, middle-class, studied law, 1st represented muslim intrest within the congress, later supported separate Muslim states
- European introduction
- new crops, technologies, cash economies, built roads railroads harbors and cities, exporting raw materials and cash crops helped pay for European rule
- 1974
- India first tested nuclear bomb
- 1991
- estonia, latvia, and lithunia gaine independence
- 1897
- Zionist Movement- Theodor Herzl
- PLO Destruction
- massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics, bombings, hijackings
- Commonwealth of Australia
- 1901, helped colonies unite drew from both federal and prime minister
- Assassinated
- a Jewish student who opposed Rabin's peace policy assassinated the prime minister who had signed the Oslo accords
- Ultra-nationalist
- extreme nationalists
- lend-lease act
- 1941 allowed him to sell war materials to any country
- 1945
- japan i ruin
- 1929
- PRI organized
- Zaibatsu
- banking and power famlies, Kawasaki
- SEWA
- self-employed women's association, formed production, opened banks, provided education
- Cyprus
- island in the eastern Mediterranean, conflict back to ottoman times, island is partitioned
- Western front
- Germany swept thru Belgium to Paris
- Great Purge
- the killing of all the many people who were a part of the Old Bolsheviks
- rome-berlin-toyko-axis
- agreed to fight soviet communism not to interfer
- Sigmund Freud
- faith in reason, subconscious mind drives much human behavior
- spanish republic
- took over chruch lands and gave vote to women
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
- (exiled) condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law, Muslim fundamentalist
- Fascism
- extreme nationalism, glorified action, blind loyalty to the state, antidemocratic, aggressive foreign expansion.
- Emilio agunald
- battled American forces,
- March 1, 1919
- march first movement
- 1920's
- spain monarchy dominated by upper class, catholic church and military
- Sputnik
- 1957, artificial satelite
- India's democratic constitution
- justice, liberty, equality, fraternity
- Pravada
- "Truth" communist party newspaper, it linked enemies at home to foreign agents seeking to restore power to the landowners and capitalists, this revived extreme nationalism
- Hejab
- cover given up by urban women
- January 30, 1948
- Gandhi killed by Hindu extremists
- 1931
- japan seized manchuria
- recession
- business slowed and unemployment rates rose
- 1994
- S.A first multiracial elections, Nelson Mandela won as new democratic S.A
- Un Efforts
- helped save millions from starvation in Biafra during Nigeria's civil war, responded to famine and other c rises that struck African nations
- Métis
- people of Native American and Europe
- Japan trade
- (import- oil) (export- steel)
- Mandate
- territories administered by western powers
- "Red Scare"
- being scared of someone that immigrated to the us
- august 12 1940
- began bombing on souther coast
- Dayton Accords
- peace agreement Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia
- 1989
- F.W. de Klerk is appointed president
- britain
- joined common market in 1973
- northern italy
- industries prospered
- 1898
- Spanish American war
- Commodore Mathew Perry
- letter from presiden, demanding that japan open its ports to diplomatic and commercial exchange
- Atheism
- no god
- Apartheid
- separation of the races, all south Africans were registered by race, claimed that this would allow each race to develop its own culture, instead gave whites control over South Africa
- Kulak
- wealthy peasants
- Western control
- owned industries and banks, provided capital and technology needed, principal market for exports
- June 6, 1944
- D-Day
- Solidarity
- independent travel union, demanded political change
- ANC
- African National Congress set up to oppose white domination, organized marches,
- 1980's
- japan major investor in china
- Atrocities
- horrible acts vs. innocent people
- 1924
- Lenin's death sets off power struggle, Sun Yixian dies, and Jiang Jieshi takes over
- 1990
- Namibia became independent
- Militias
- bands of citizen soldiers, who battled for control of billages and of Beirut
- Ian Smith
- led independence for Southern Rhodesian, accepted a negotiated settlement
- Osip Mandelstam
- jewish poet, imprisoned, tortured and exiled for composing a verse that was critical of Stalin
- Zeppelin
- large, gas-filled balloons that bombed English coast by Germany
- Afrikaners
- descended from Dutch settlers, demanded server new limits on blacks
- ostpolitik
- eastern policy
- 1933
- Hitler becomes chancellor , withing a year he became master of germany
- Nehru Dynasty
- congress party dominated, BJP
- Dada
- revolt against civilization
- Diet
- legislature, one house elected and one house emperor elected
- Collective security
- system of group of nations act as on to preserve peace of all
- Sea
- Thailand
- Francisco Pancho Villa
- hard-riding rebel from the north- fought for personal power but won the loyalty of his followers
- UN Economic Sanctions
- kept Iraq from selling oil on the world market and from importing most goods, goal was to stop Saddam Hussein from building chemical and nuclear weapons, but the sanctions hurt the Iraqi people
- 1934
- Great Purge, Long March
- Mohandas Gandhi
- turned to satyagraha
- Bangladesh
- Bengal Nation
- French nationalism
- longed to regain position as Europe's leading power,
- No-fly zones
- areas over which Iraqi aircraft where not permitted to fly
- 1889
- Meiji constitution
- September 1, 1939
- nazi stormed poland and stalin storms east
- Women during Apartheid
- had to get permission from parents or husband as well as authorities in order to move from district to another
- 1962
- Algeria wins its freedom
- Stalin's Propaganda
- revived extreme nationalism, and radios blared into factories and billages, and in movies they heard about communist successes and the evils of capitalism
- W.E.B DuBois
- african american scholar and activist, organized 1st Pan-African congress, met in Paris
- 1980's
- French socialists win power
- Herbert Hoover
- president during the G.D, government should not interfer
- Negritude Movement
- french speaking writers in w. africa & carribeans expressed pride in African roots (Leopold Sengnor)
- 1997
- jiang zemin new leader
- Benazr Bhutto
- 1988, 1990
- Arab-Israeli
- united states helped Israel while the soviet union gave aid to the Arabs
- sanction
- penalties
- Convoys
- groups of merchant ships protected by warships
- Replacement
- when settlers overthrew indigenous
- Colossus of the north
- united states
- Trotsky
- Marxist thinker, skillful speaker, architect of the Bolshevik Rev. murdered
- 2000
- Beirut was poised for return to its status as a leading economic center of the middle east
- Vasily Kandinsky
- abstract
- India's education system
- literacy rate climbed, boys were more likely to go to school
- 1971
- Bangladesh independence
- 1975
- Angola and Mozambique celebrated independence
- OAU achievements
- provided African nations with discussion and settlement, set up African Development Bank to control investment capital from foreign sources into development programs
- Treaty of Portsmouth
- 1905 gained Korea as well as Manchuria
- Turkey economy
- expanded agriculture through increased irrigation and promoting industry, exported crops and manufactured good to Europe
- operation sea lion
- invasion of britain (g)
- rosa robota
- rebel
- FLN
- National Liberation Front
- Hague Tribunal
- world court
- Balfour Declaration
- pledged support for a Jewish national home in Palestine, deepened tensions, both claimed a historical right to the land