Euro Ch. 12-13
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- who wrote THE PRINCE
- niccolo machiavelli
- why is europe separated the way it is?
- mountain barriers=boundaries
- what accounts for europes eventual dominance
- competition
- what is the significance of he hundred years war
-
-england goes into debt
-nobles want more power bc they fought and paid for war
-parliament started
-knights aren't as important bc of longbow and cannon - what was the significance of the pope in avignon
- weakened the church-most cardinals were in rome-2 popes-people split up
- how did the northern renaissance differ from the italian renaissance?
- north was much more serious about religion-less secular but still used renaissance techniques, like learning new languages to read old scriptures
- what made plain old kings into "new monarchs"
- strong-followed machiavelii-were afraid of nobles so they teamed with middle class
- who was the first new monarch of france
- louis XI
- gabelle
- salt tax in france to subdue the nobility
- taille
- land tax in france to subdue the nobility
- concordat of bologna
- agreement-france gives pope money to get control of making bishops
- lay investiture
- someone unprofessional making someone bishop or cardinaal
- why did the french not go along with martin luther against the catholic church
- bc they already had the power to make their own clergy
- war of the roses
- civil war in england-fighting between 2 noble families for power
- why did war of the roses make henry VII so much moer powerful
- families were exhausted of fighting -let hunry take power-restored order and everyone agreed with it
- star chamber
- court for nobles
- reconquista
- reconquered spain from the muslims-united spain through catholisism
- why were jews kicked out of spain
- bc they had high positions
- why did the renaissance start in italy
- bc it had city-states who wanted to show off
- what did rafael paint and what was it a symbol of
- painted SCHOOL OF ATHENS-greeks-symbol of renaissance
- why did rome get sacked by french and germans
- didnt follow machiavellis principles, which said that italy had to unite to defend themselves against other strong countires
- georgio vasari
- painter in the renaissance that used the word rinascita, meaning "rebirth"
- individualism
- people sought to receive personal credit for their achievements, as opposed to the medieval ideal of all glory going to God
- where did the renaissacne first take place
- the Italian city states
- what did the invention of the printing press allow to happen and what did this result in
- allowed these cultural trends tospread to other parts of europe, which resulted in the creation of the northern renaissance movement
- what helped lay the foundation for the movement known as the protestant reformation
- the people in northern europe who dealth with religious concerns during the renaissance
- the towns of northern italy were under control who who during the middle ages
- the holy roman empire
- what was the old nobilitys wealth based on
- land ownership
- what caused conflict in italy during the middle ages?
-
old nobility conflicted with new group of wealthy merchants
-residents were free to decide their own fate and this caused violent political existance - popolo
- "the people" who wanted their share of the wealth and political power
- how did the popolo express their dissatisfaction
- staging a violent struggle known as the ciompi revolt
- ciompi revolt
- revolt of hte popolo where for a brief period the poor had control over the convernment-struggle spread through italy
- signor
- tyrant
- what kind of government did florence and venice have?
- republic, but many wealthy families dominated them
- medici
- wealthy familie who dominated florence-used wealth gained from banking to establish themeselves as behind the scenes rulers of florence and later as hereditary dukes of the city
- what did external wars between city states do to the number of dominant city states
- just a few dominant city states were left-florence, milan, and venice in the north, papal states in central italy, and the kingdown of napples in teh south
- what are a few things that created energy to start the Renaissance?
- city-states tensions, economic factors, and geography, Greek colonies werein Italy was center of Roman empire
- economy affecting renaissance in italy
- italian citystates were more economically vibrant than the rest of the west-carried wool and silk to every part of the continent
- geography affecting renaissance in italy
- italys central location in mediterranean was ideal for creating links between freeek culture and latin culture
- humanism
- program of study including rhetoric and literature, based on what students in the classical world would have studied
- who is the father of humanism?
- francesco petrarch
- francesco petrarch
- coined the phrase "dark ages" to denote what he thought was the cultural decline that took place following the collapse of roman world-learned classical latin instead of medieval latin in order to study important works
- how did learning about classic works change from middle ages to the renaissance
-
middle ages-studied second hand works about it
renaissance: studied the actual classic works - cicero
-
important politician and philosopher whose writings provide an account of the collapse of the roman republic
-worte in a brilliant latin style that pretrach tried to follow - what did petrarch feel about christianity?
- did not reject it but argued for the universality of the ideas of the classical age . said classic works still had lessons that were applicable to his own christian age
- civic humanists
- viewed ciceros involvement in political causes as justification to use their own classical education for the punlic good. did this by serving florence as diplomats
- what language did civic humanists study
- classic greek
- what was one of the most important aspects of the italian renaissance?
- the revival of greek
- why was the revival of greek important?
- allowed westerners to become acquainted w/ that part of the classical heritage that had been lost during the middle ages- ex. greek philosopher plato
- platos ideals that were important to renaissance writers
-
beauty and truth exists beyond the ability of our senses to recognize them
-we can train our minds to make use of our ability to reason and thus get beyond the limits imposed by our senses - who wrote ORATION ON THE DIGNITY OF MAN
- pico della mirandola
- ORATION OF A MAN
- passages from the renassaicne about platonic view of human potential
- who wrote THE COURTIER
- castiglione
- what did THE COURTIER describe
- described the ideal man of the age--a man who knew several languages, was familiar with classical litearture, and was also skilled in the arts
- what did lorenzo valla do
-
1. proved that the donation of constantine, a document in which constantine turned control of the western half of his empire over to the papacy, would not have been written by constantine. the word fief was used by cnstantine in describing the transfer of authority to the pope, a word that valla knew was not in use until the 8th century around 400 yrs after constantines death
2. took his critical techniques to the vulgate bible, the standard latin bible of the middle ages, and hsowed that the author mistranslated a number of critical passages from the greek sources - leonardo bruni
- humanist scholar who created an educational program for women
- what did he leave out of his program
- the study of rhetoric or public speech, critical parts of the male education, since women had no use for these skills
- chistine de pisan
- italian who was the daughter of the physician to the french king charles v-wrote THE CITY OF LADIES to counter the popular notion that women were inferior to men and incapable of making moral choices
- differences in art from medieval to renaissance
-
1. artists were considered individuals instead of anonymous craftsmen
2. competed for the patronage of merchans and bankres
3. more naturalistic style than spirtual message - what was the dominant method of painting in italy and where did it begin?
- oil paint-northern europe
- chiaroscuro
- the use of contrasts between light and dark to create 3-d images-used in renaissance
- single point perspective
- style in which all elements within a painting converge at a single point in the distance, allowing artists to create more realistic setting for their work
- high renaissance-when did it end
- end of 15h century
- high renaissance
- when rome replaced florence as the great center of artistic patronage
- why did high renaissance switch to rome?
- florence experienced religious backlash against the new style of art, while in rome a series of popes were very interested in teh arts and wanted to beautify their cities and palaces
- art after the high renaissance
- late renaissance or mannerism
- late renaissance or mannerism
- art that showed distorted figures and confusing themes and may have reflected the growing sense of crisis in the italian world due to both relgigious and political problems
- leonardo da vinci
- was a military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, and inventor-painted mona lisa
- michelangelo
-
-sculpture David
-commissioned by 4 different popes
-sistine chapel in the vatican for julius II - why was michelangelos sculpture "david' important?
- florence's propoganda to inspire citizens in their long struggle against the overwhelming might of milan
- michelangelos last work in the sistine chapel
- final judgment
- why was the northern renaissance more religious
- christianity had arrived later there and northerners were still seeking ways to deepen their christian beliefs and understanding and display what good humanists they were
- 2 christian humanist writers
- erasmus and more
- what did erasmus and more do
- criticized the church, meaning to find ways to better it, not for people to stray from it
- erasmus
-
1. wrote IN PRAISE OF FOLLY, criticizing what he thought were the problems of the church
2. HANDBOOK OF THE CHRISTIAN NIGHT-inner faith as opposed to outer faith
3. translated new testament in latin - sir thomas more
- wrote UTOPIA-a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common
- what did Henry VIII do to More
- had him executef for refusing to take an oath recognizing henry as head of the church of england
- where did the greatest achievements in arts in northern europe in 16th and early 17th centuries take place?
- in england
- why did new ways to produce text become important?
- number of literate people rose when number of universities increased
- who invented the printing press
- johannes gutenberg
- proof that the printing press was important
-
number of literate people increased
-reformation spread - who wrote THE CANTERBURY TALES
- geoffrey chaucer
- THE CANTERBURY TALES
- sattire of clergy
- john wycliffe
-
questioned the wordly wealth of the church and the selling of indulgences
-urged followers to read the bible and interpret it themselves
-translated the bible into englsh - what were john wycliffe's followers called
- lollards
- jan hus
-
argued that it was the bibles authority and not the institutional church that mattered
-was horrified by immoral conduct of clergy
-thought everyone should get to do what the clergy got to do during ceremonies
-was called to the council of constance and condemned as a heretic and burnt at the stake - what did his death lead to
- his followers in bohemia staged a rebellion, which took many years to put down
- Bruni 2
- developed the word humanism, which means "new learning"
- the prince: 2
-
how ruler should gain, mantain, and increase political power
-safer for a ruler to be feared than loved