Sociology of the Life Course 122 (MU)
Terms
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- A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being, through obligations, privileges, and rights.
- Society
- What four things do small-scale societies have in common?
- History, language, territory, and culture
- What is another term for small-scale societies?
- "communities of memory"
- What are "communities of memory"?
- a group of ppl in which membership is conferred thru birth and endures thru time in a rooted historical tradition
- An interdisciplinary study that focuses on changes in physical, psychological, and social behavior as experienced by individuals across the lifespan from conception to death
- Human Development
- What constitutes membership in a society?
- Age and citizenship
- the scientific study seeking to understand how and why people change, and how and why they remain the same, as they grow older, in a sociological context
- Developmental sociology
- cultural similarities and differences in developmental processes and their outcomes as expressed by behavior in individuals and groups
- Cross-cultural human development
- What are some developmental processes?
- education
- the systematic study of relationships between the cultural context of human development and the behaviours that become established in the repertoire of individuals growing up in a particular culture
- cross-cultural psychology
- that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as a member of society
- culture
- the way of life of a society, comprising: 1. material culture (artifacts) 2. ideas, values, attitudes, and beliefs 3. patterned ways of behavior
- culture
- Developmental sociology focuses on cultural norms (w/ one exception), or "normal development," the usual patterns of growth and change that everyone follows to some degree, but which no one follows exactly. What is that exception?
- teenages
- Why should developmental sociologists study societies other than their own?
- It puts our own society into perspective (comparisons, visual belief)
- What are the three areas that Developmental sociology is seperated into?
- Biosocial domain, Cognitive domain, and psychosocial domain.
- Biosocial domain
- the development of the body, its physical growth, and the environment and sociocultural factors that affect that development
- Cognitive domain
- the development of the mind and its education
- Psychosocial domain
- the development of the emotions and personality
- What is the range of the normative stage of life or "prime of life"?
- 21-40 years old
- Ecological Approach
- studies the physical and social contexts in which an individual develops
- Social Contexts of Development -- Historical
- prevailing assumptions, cohort differences (ppl you grow up with, same age, one generation vs. another) critical public events, current technology, popular trends
- Social Contexts of Development -- Socio-economic
- Income, occupation, education, residence
- Social Contexts of Development -- Cultural-ethic
- prevailing assumptions
- What is a social model?
- A simplified representation of a social system or phenomenon; like theories, models generate testable hypotheses meriting further investigation
- What is a theory?
- a set of interconnected hypotheses that have been repeatedly tested and not rejected; offers general explanations for natural or social phenomenon; tentative and subject to modification
- What is a hypothesis?
- a testable, falsifiable proposition concerning the relationship between particular sets of variables
- What are the three goals for Human Development?
- 1) improve theory, 2) discover similarities and differences across cultures, 3) synthesis - integrate findings toward a more unified discipline
- What is Bronfenbrenner's theory of development known as?
- the ecology of human development
- What is the ecology of human development, described by Bronfenbrenner?
- An individual is seen not as a passive and static entity on which the environment exerts great influence, but as a dynamic and evolving being that interacts with, and thereby restructures, the many environments with which it comes into contact
- What is Bronfenbrenner's Microsystem?
- the interactions between the child and her immediate environment (family, preschool, church group) and resulting behaviors such as dependence or independence and cooperation or competition.
- What is Bronfenbrenner's Mesosystem?
- Comprises the linkages and processes taking place between two or more settings containing the developing person; recognizes that the individual microsystems are not independent but are closely interrelated and influence each other
- What is Bronfenbrenner's Exosystem?
- Beyond the child's immediate environment in which he/she may not be a part of but influences his/her development significantly. e.g. parents place of work, community health and welfare institutions, mass media, neighbors
- What is Bronfenbrenner's Macrosystem?
- the most complex system which consists of the attitudes, ideologies, customs, values, and laws considered important to the culture
- What is Bronfenbrenner's Chronosystem?
-
The systems of the society adapting over time as the society changes; the time and sociohistorical conditions
*things change - a theory devised by Super and Harkness saying the child is at the center
- Super and Harkness's Developmental Niche
- What are the three interrelated components of Super and Harkness' Developmental Niche?
- 1) Physical and social settings of daily life in which a child lives 2) Culturally regulated customs of childcare 3) Psychology of caretakers
- What is Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development?
- theorized that individuals learn by actively constructing their own cognitive world
- The period in which the coordination of sensory abilities and motor skills when a child understands the world largely thru immediate actions and sensations
- The sensorimotor stage, or infancy; birth to 2
- What is object permanence?
- the awareness that objects remain the same or continue to exist even when they cannot be seen
- The stage where the development of language, use of symbols, and egocentric thinking are established
- Preoperational, or early childhook; 2 to 6
- The stage where the performance of tasks involving conservation, in which thinking is governed by fundamental rules of logic
- Concrete operational, or middle childhood; 6 to 12
- The stage where the ability to deal with hypothetical problems and abstract thinking
- Formal operational period, or adolescence; 12 and over
- What is a scheme?
- an organized pattern of thought or action applied to persons, objects, or events in an effort to make sense of them (mental pic of world and things in it)
- What is assimilation?
- A process by which new info and ideas are incorporated or fitted into existing knowledge or schemes
- What is accommodation?
- A process of adjusting or modifying existing schemes to account for new ideas and info
- What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Developmment?
- development is the result of interactions between cultural and historical factors; matching a child's demands with the requirements of her culture
- Who coined the term zone of proximal development (ZPD)?
- Vygotsky
- What is the zone of proximal development?
-
The distance between a child's actual developmental level and the higher-level potential
ie. what the child can achieve independently compared to what it can achieve with guidance - Vygotsky developed three sequential stages in the evolution of speech. What are they?
- 1) social speech 2) egocentric speech 3) inner speech
- What is 'social speech' in Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
- speech designed primarily to gain the attention of others or to express simple ideas and lasts until approximately three years of age.
- What is 'egocentric speech' from Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
- speech that serves to control the child's own behavior, and is usually verbalized
- What is 'inner speech' in Vygotsky's evolution of speech?
- speech that consists of self-talk, during which children rehearse what they are going to say before actually saying it
- What did Erikson's Psychosocial Theory emphasize?
- Emphasis was on growth of normal or healthy (rather than abnormal or neurotic) personality development