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History Quarter 2 test

Terms

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Kepler
astonomer who discovered planets move in elliptical orbits
Locke
Englishman who believed government should protect the natural rights of people
Voltaire
French philosophe who urged religious toleration
Newton
invented calculus, discovered the law of gravity
Harvey
English doctor who studied blood circulation
Rousseau
French philosophe who believed all people are equal
Bach
is best known for his religious music
Descartes
"I think, therefore I am."
Diderot
French philosophe who assembled a 35 volume Encyclopedia
Montesquieu
French noble who disscussed the separation of powers
philosophe
thinker who believed that progress would be brought about by science and reason
physiocrat
thinker who believed that the land was the true source of wealth
free market
the selling and buying of goods without restrictions
enlightened monarch/despot
ruler concerned with the welfare of the people
salon
informal gathering of writers and artists
t/f
the scientific method was first developed by Aristotle
false
t/f
the law of gravity states that blood circulates through the body
false
t/f
Many scholars rejected the teachings of Copernicus because they thought Ptolemy and other ancient thinkers could not have been wrong
true
t/f
the author of the Leviathan was John Locke
false
t/f
The center of philosophe activity was Paris
true
t/f
In The Social Contract, Rousseau argued that people could never be equal
false
t/f
Rousseau said that human nature was basically good, but people were corrupted by living in society
true
t/f
During the Enlightenment many philosophers thought that people have natural rights
true
The scientific method is based on...
experimentation and observation
which of the following is not a part of the scientific method:
a. obseravation c. reason
b. experiment d. reliance on authority

d. reliance on authority
Copernicus stated that...
the earth revolves around the sun
Kepler proved that...
the earth and the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits
what is Sir Isaac Newton associated with?
law of gravity, calculus
Which is correctly paired?
a. Newton-Calculus
b. Galileo-Law of Graviity
c. Kepler-ointment for wounds
d. Harvey-smallpox vaccine



a. Newton-Calculus
Thomas Hobbes supported a scoiety in which...
a monarch had absolute power
According to Hobbes, people give up their freedon to an absolute ruler in return for...
peace and order
Unlike Hobbes, Locke argued that...
people have the right to overthrow a tyrannical ruler
Philosophes urged governments to...
stop press censorship
Physiocrats supported...
a free market system
The Social Contract, the "noble savages" and the "genreal will" are all associated with...
Rousseau
During the 1700's, Enlightenment ideas...
influenced people's attitudes throughout Europe
The purpose of the separation of powers in government, according to Montesquieu, was to...
protect the liberties of people
"Whosoever in authority exceeds the power given to him by law...may be opposed." This statement by Locke supports the idea of...
rebellion
Government and Church officials fought against Enlightenment ideas with...
censorship
Thinkers during the Age of Reason challenged the established social order by...
calling for a just society based on reason
Which of the following ideas would not be held by most philosophes:
a. reason be used at all times
b. there should be schools only for the rich, education is not for everyone
c. freedon of religion, speech and the press should be enjoyed by all
b. there should be schools only for the rich, education is not for everyone

a/d
The Renaissance sweeping across Western Europe
approve
a/d
Louis XIV ruling as an absolute monarch
disapprove
a/d
Religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
disapprove
Jacobins
Radical controllers of the National Convention
Conscription
Drafting citizens into the country's military
Girondists
Moderate members of the National Convention
The First Estate
Catholic clergy in France
Emigres
French nobles who fled the country
The Second Estate
French Nobles
Bourgeoisie
Wealthy middle class professionals
Commitee of Public Safety
Set up to protect France from its enemies
Robespierre
A leader of the Jacobins
Old Regime
Social/Political system of France in the 1700's
Which group made up the majority of French society?
the Third Estate
Who were most affected by increases in the price of food?
urban workers and peasants
What contributed to France's financial crisis?
bad harvests
Why did Louis XVI finally agree to summon the Estates General?
France was on the verge of bankruptcy, and riots were spreading
What did the National Assembly vow in the Tennis Court Oath?
to draft a constitution for France
The sans-culottes and Jacobins demanded...
a republic
What was a long term cause for the French Revoultion?
inequality of the Old Regime
What is true concerning the Committee of Public Safety?
Led by Robespierre, goal was to protect France from internal and esternal threats to the Revolution, started a period known as the Reign of Terror
Who sat on the far left in the National Convention?
Emigres
What group served as a catalyst for the French Revolution?
bourgeoisie
the nobility of France
Second Estate
French National Anthem
"Marseillaise"
traditional political and social system of France
Old Regime
Paris Prison fortress
Bastille
political exile
emigre
Tennis Court Oath
bound reform-minded members of the Estates General to work together to give France a constitution
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
gave the French government control of the Catholic Church
Committee of Public Safety
ruled with dictatorial powers during the Reign of Terror
Declaration of the Rights of Man
stated democratic principles that French revolutionaries wanted government based on
t/f
the crisis that caused Louis XVI to summon the Estates General was a shortage of money in the French treasury
true
t/f
The Declararion of the Rights of Man called for an end to monarchy
false
t/f
Emigres were aristocrats who fled France during the Revolution
true
t/f
Marie Antoinette was an Austrian
true
The Jacobins were the most radical group leading the French Revolution
true
t/f
the only responsibility of the Committee of Public Safety was to deal with foreign threats
false
t/f
The Constitution of 1795 established the right of all Frenchmen to vote
true
The Third Estate consisted of...
the middle class and the poor
Under the Old Regime, the burden of paying taxes fell largely on the...
Third Estate
which of the following was not one of the problems faced by France during the years immediately preceding the Revolution:
a. civil war
b. food shortages
c. government debt
d. an antiquated tax system



a. civil war
At the meeting of the Estates General, the Third Estate wanted to...
have the three estates meet together
The Constitution of 1791, written by the National Assembly...
established the limited monarchy on France
what group sat on the left side of the Legislative Assembly when it met in 1791?
radical revolutionaries
Louis XVI was convicted of...
treason
After the execution of Louis XVI, France was governed as...
a republic
The Reign of Terror occurred at a time when...
the revolution was facing foreign and domestic threats
During the Reign of Terror, Robespierre tried to...
crush all opposition to the revolution
With the establishment of the National Convention, the French Revolution became more...
radical
Many people were dissatisfied with the government of the Directory because...
the Directory was corrupt and inefficient
The Napoleonic Code was important because it...
gave France a uniform code of law
Which of the following was not a result of Napoleon's conquests in Europe?
a. the Continental system succeeded
b. Nationalism grew
c. Monarchs were overthrown
d. Revolutionary ideas spread beyond France



a. the Continental system grew
What European country was Napoleon unable to conquer?
Britain
What was the result of Napoleon's invasion of Russia?
the defeat of the French
What was part of Napoleon's legacy to France
greater access to education
Leaders from what three countries led the Congress of Vienna?
Austria, Russia, Britain
What was the goal of the Vienna peacemakers when they redrew the map of Europe?
to contain French ambitions of expansion
What did the statesmen who attended the Congress of Vienna fail to forsee?
future conflicts caused by nationalism
Jacobins are...
Radicals
Girondists are...
Moderates
Emigres are...
Reactionaries
First Estate is...
Reactionaries
Radical
favors making extreme changes
Liberal
favors making changes, reluctant to accept status quo
Moderate
favors the status quo, but open to change
Conservative
resistant to change
Reactionary
favors a return to the past
peninsulares
names the people at the top of Spanish American society
creoles
used in Latin America to describe Spaniards born in Latin America
mestizos
used in Latin America to describe people of mixed European and Indian ancestry
Simon Bolivar
The Liberator
Miguel Hidalgo
He was a priest who was also a skilled military leader
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Led a slave revolt that ended slavery on Hispaniola
Jose Maria Morales
priest who issued the Grito de Dolores, a call for a peasant rebellion in Mexico
mulattos
used in Latin America to describe people of mixed European and African ancestry
Jose de San Martin
After winning independence for Argentina and Chile, he gave up command of his army
Spain
Country that controlled much of Latin America
In the first half of the 1800's, a political liberal was most likely to be...
a middle class merchant
a key characteristic of nationalism is...
a shared culture
the elected ruler of France who declared himself emperor was...
Louis-Napoleon
By 1849, most of Europe was under the control of the...
conservatives
The Edict of Emancipation was issued by...
Alexander II
How successful were the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?
none achieved their goals
nationalism was a force that...
tore apart centuries-old empires, gave rise to the nation-state, was opposed by conservatives
In early 19th century Europe, one political goal of the liberals was to...
give more power to elected parliaments
The uprisings in 1848 resulted in...
The resignation of Metternich
Which of the following was probably not influenced by nationalism during the 1800's?
a. groups uniting against an oppressive monarchy
b. an empire that crumbles into independent states
c. an empire granting long-needed social reforms
d. groups
d. groups accepting a long-established form of government
Adam Smith
father of capitalism, believed in laissez-faire
Henry Bessemer
developed technique to make steel
Karl Marx
believed all workers were taken advantage of by owners
Robert Owen
father of Utopianism, workers and owners in harmony
labor
the workers
management
those who oversee production
capital
money used to invest
entrepreneur
a business man seeking to make a profit
industrialization
production of goods utilizing factories
enclosure movement
fencing off common farm land
cartel
group of corporations controlling an industry
proletariat
the workers
cottage industry
producing goods at home
union
organization of workers, fight for workers' rights

economic system in which all means of production is owned by the government (developed by Karl Marx)
communism
Woman's suffrage gives women the right to...
vote
Church movement that tried to improve the lives of the poor
social gospel
This freed up people to move to the cities and work in the factories
agricultural revolution
a society the produces most of its goods in factories is an
industrial society
Term meaning literally "hands off", Adam Smith's idea that government should not interfere with business
laissez-faire
Process whereby people move to the cities
urbanization
Marked by prejudice and discrimination towards others based on one's skin color
racism
Production in homes was known as the...
cottage industry
Business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
corporation

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