Chapter 12 Sec 2
Terms
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- What were some improvements due to manorialism?
- Development of a new, heavier plow. Cut deeper, and pushed soil sideways. Created a three-field system (switch off crops). This produced more crops than the old system, and preserved soil.
- What is a vassal?
- A noble who served a lord of the next higher rank. A noble can be both a lord and a vassal, since a noble can pledge allegiance to more than one lord.
- Sports of nobles
- Noblemen loved to hunt. Both men and women leared falconry and archery.
- What is Feudalism?
- A new political system that emerged as the result of a weakened central government. Stressed alliances of mutual protection between monarchs and nobles of ranking. Give land (with peasants) to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military aid.
- Equality during manorialism
- Everyone was viewed as equal in th eyes of God. However, it was a heirarchy. People did not question their standing. Manorialism created a stable way of life = good.
- What is homage?
- A solemn ceremony to make the ties between a lord and a vassal official. In return for a fief, the vassal promised to provide his lord with a certain number of knights for battle (for 40-60 days a year), serve the lord's court, provide food and shelter if lord visited, and give money when lord's son/daughter became wed/knighted. Also paid ransoms if lord capture.
- What is chivalry?
- Code of knights- became the basis for the development in good manners in Western society. Code called for bravery, fairness, keep promises, defend the Church, treat ladies well.
- How did the tie between military and land ownership begin?
- During the rule of Charles Martel. Fighting Muslims. They used saddles and stirrups = good. Wanted this, and make a cavalry. Cost required new military system. To pay warriors, he gave them fiefs- estates with peasants. Using fiefs, warriors could buy horses and equipment.
- What are serfs?
- People who were bound to the manor, and could not leave it without permission. They were not slaves- could not be sold without the land they lived on.
- What are fiefs?
- Estates with peasants
- What are tournaments?
- Mock battles between knights. Showed off military skills of nobles.
- How did the concept of knights emerge?
- Lords who had been granted fiefs were allowed to pass their lands on to their heirs. In return, these nobles were to provide knights, or mounted warriors, for the royal army.
- Describe peasant life.
- Poverty and hardship. Famine and disease- constant dangers. Peasants hit first in times of war. Invasions. Rare to eat meat. Relax on Sundays and holy days. Dance, sing, sports. Religious plays, pageants, minstrel shows.
- How did feudalism begin?
- After giving fiefs to warriors, Frankish kings began giving fiefs to counts and local officials. Nobles now had powers of raising armies, dispensing justice, and minting coins. In return, nobles were loyal militarily to the king.
- Nobility: lords and ladies
- Within his fief, lords (nobleman) had all power. Collected rents from peasants, solve disputes between his vassals. A lady (noblewoman) had few rights. Wed to father's choice. Bring up children, take care of house. Needlework. Sometimes took care of husband's duties if he was away.
- Work on a Manor
- In exchange for lord's protection, peasants farmed the land, and made payments of goods. Because of warfare and invasions, the manor had to produce all neccessities. Different occupations. Peasants rarely left the manor.
- Castles (fortified manor house) and its parts
- Because no central government, a lot of warfare. Every noble built a castle for defense. First made of wood with earth. Then stone, with walls and turrets (small towers). Built on hill with deep moat. Had a keep (square tower) - strongest part. Had rooms, hall, and dungeon. Around keep, open area, called the bailey, with chapel, storerooms, workshops, etc.
- Becoming a Knight
- Nobleman's son began training for knighthood at age 7. Started as a page (assistant), learned manners and weapon use. 15- became squire- helped a knight and practice using weapons. Prove himself in battle, become knight.
- Difference between feudalism and manorialism?
- Feudalism is for the politicial relationships between nobles, and manorialism is for the economic ties between nobles and peasants.
- What is manorialism?
- Wealth of a feudal lord came from peasant labor. Manorialism is a system of agricultural production that gave lords and peasants food, shelter, and protection.
- What was on a manor?
- They varied in size. Included lord's manor house, pastures for livestock, fields for crops, forest areas, and a village for the peasants.