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World history midterm- hersom!!!

Terms

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Nebuchadnezzar
Ruler of the Chaldeans
Taiga
Forest region of northern Russia
Collegia
workers trade associations
4 features All Greek city-states have in common
1) small size. usually 30 to 500 sq. miles 2) small pop. Most city-states had a total pop. including slave, noncitizens, metics, citizens of less than 10,000 ppl 3) Setting on a hill or acropolis 4) public meeting place or an agora
Solon
An Athenian statesman known for his economic and political reforms. Became an archon and mediated the dispute between debtors and creditors. He canceled the debts of the poor, outlawed enslavement for debt, and freed those who had been enslaved for nonpayment. Limited aristocratic power and created a citizens court where one could appeal an unfavorable decision made by a judge in front of regular citizens.
Hippocrates
Can be considered the father of medicine
Theodora
the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.
battle of Teutoburg Forest
where Octavian suffered a defeat that ended their expansion into Germany.
Constantine
Roman emperor, being a Christian he made Christianity Rome's main religion thus saving the newborn sect
monism
the belief that God and human beings are one
Vedas
books of sacred knowledge, religious rituals, and hyms
praetors
officials that helped the consuls. Like in times of war the ____ would command armies and in times of peace the ______ would oversee the legal system.
Anarchy
absence of any form of Government
Agora
market place, also a public meeting place for Greek citizens
Yaroslav the Wise
ruler who codified law during the 1000'
principal crops of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
cotton and rice
Octavian
Ruled with Marc Antony. While Antony took the east, he took the west. Octavian then turned on Antony and Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra seeing no escape committed suicide. He gave himself the title Augustus or "the revered one". AKA Augustus Caesar. refered to as the first Roman emperor. Launched a series of new military conquests and expanded the empire from Spain to Syria and from Danube river to Egypt.
Philip II of Macedon
created the first paid regular army
indemnity
compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in war
Zoroaster
Reformed the Persian religion
Neolithic Revolution
refers to the shift from food gathering to food producing
equites
business and landowning people of Rome. Shared great wealth because of trade and political influence.
Cleisthenes
ruler who turned Athens into a direct democracy
Ideals expressed in Greek art during the golden age
harmony, balance, order, and moderation
Varuna
the chief god of the Vedic religion
Veche
town meeting
how did geography impact the development of the city states?
mountains, rivers, and lakes proved a problem as they prevented unity between the Greek city states but provided a natural barrier
frescoes
paintings made on wet plaster walls.
raja
prince who ruled each indian city-state, acting as military leader, chief priest, lawmaker, and a judge.
paterfamilias
head male of a Chinese family. Authority to pick girls' husbands and approves marriage and **** like that
ziggurat
Sumerian temple, resembles "a stairway to heaven"
Cynics
people that scorned pleasure, wealth, and social position were
patricians
the powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society
Rurik
Rus military leader and legendary first king of the Russians
Trajan
brought the empire to its largest size. About the size of the U.S. of A.
pedagogue
male slave who took care of a boy from the age of seven, went everywhere with him including to school.
oracles
A special sanctuary in which the Gods spoke through priest or priestesses to the people usually revealing answers to questions about the future.
cavalry
armed soilders on horses
Aristotle
He received his education from his father and uncle before attending The Academy
direct democracy
In which all citizens participated directly in making decisions. Such as Athens
Xerxes
Persian leader that burned Athens
Chaldeans
foreigners who conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C.E.
Terracing
creating plots of land by building walls on hillsides and filling them in with soil
Minotaur
A giant creature that King Minos allegedly imprisoned in an underground labyrinth. Half human and half bull.
Epics
long poems describing heroes and great events
patriarchs
bishops of empire cities
Vladamir
ruler who converted to Orthodox Christianity and adopted it as the primary church in Kievan Russia
Demosthenes
Athenian orator who opposed Philip II of Macedon
Twelve Tables
Roman Laws
Minoans
inhabitants of Crete. King Minos was king there with massive palaces with hundreds of rooms and a giant creature who was imprisoned in a labyrinth. Wrote in Linear A and linear B. Running water, Bull Vaulting, frescoes, ivory stone gold silver and bronze artifacts. Depended on the sea for their food and dominated the Aegean islands. Excellent sailors and traders. Strong Navy so much so that the kings did not even bother with city fortifications. This civilization went extinct when a volcanic eruption sent giant tidal waves crashing into their city creating destruction and much chaos. Although they rebuilt they never fully recovered their strength until the Indo-Europeans flushed theeeeem out
nirvana
the perfect peace that releases the soul from the endless cycle of reincarnation
Phidias
sculptor who designed the statue by Zeus at the Temple of Olympia
Socrates
he was asked to stop mingling with the young aristocrats of Athens and when he refused to do so, he was forced to end his life by drinking hemlock
Peisistratus
Seized power from Solon and exiled nobles who disagreed with him. He also distributed those nobles' land to poor farmers in need.
Pravada Russkaia
Russia's first law code
Mycenaeans
Spoke an Indo-European language. Organized into clans and tribes. dominated the Greek mainland for 400 years. Built fortified cities in Peloponnesus and the southern part of Greece. Built cities like Mycenae, Tiryns, and Pylos. Warlike people conquered Crete and adopted many of their customs like linear B.
Alexandar the Great conquered territory as far east as the:
Indus River
Helots
People of Sparta who were conquered and enslaved by Dorian invaders
ephors
5 overseers who served 1 year terms to monitor the kings and citizens.
The Parthenon stands at the top of the
Acropolis
Hadrian
supported the arts. Built a huge wall around the border and encouraged frontier peoples to enter the army. He gave up many of the areas that Trajan had acquired in Asia.
Cosmologists
intellectuals who searched for an explanation about the universe
consuls
2 were elected each year. Served as chief executives who ran the government and acted as military commandars. Appointed dictators. the 2 could veto each other and this veto is still used today in order to maintain the system of checks and balances.
reason why the Peloponnesian War began
Economic rivalries among Greek city-states
Bhagavad Gita
the last 18 chapters of the Mahabharata stresses the idea that conducting oneself properly according to one's status in life marks the highest fulfillment in life
archons
9 rulers who served a 1 year term in office and appointed all other officials and made all the laws. The laws were never written down and were interpreted and applied by judges, or a group of nobles.
Dorians
Moved into the Peloponnesian area around 110 B.C.E. Illiterate people
Ramayana
tells the story of two royal heroic figures, Rama and his wife, Sita
Brahmins
vedic priests who knew the proper forms and rules for religious rituals and ceremonies
caravan
a group of people, usually traders, who travel together for safety
Lydians
invented coined money in 600 B.C.E.
Draco
Served as archon and is given credit for Athenian's first written law code. But his law's were very harsh and severe.
Sophocles
A greek playwright
Hannibal
Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought the Romans with clever strategy and unusual tactics. Used elephants in battle but did not conquer Rome due to lack of seige equipment. Defeated by the roman general scipio after luring Hanibal back to his hometown.
Hyksos
conquered Egypt for some time and introduced horse-drawn chariots and other tools. may have enslaved egyptians and treated women and children badly. A group of leaders and rebels created an army and pushed the Hyksos out of egypt
plebeians
all other citizens besides the powerful aristocratic class
Tiberius
appointed his favorite horse as consul. Murdered in A.D. 41. Adopted son of Augustus
hieroglyphics
writing using symbols and characters. Each symbol stands for a separate word. Over 600 characters
Phoenicians were considered to be the world's greatest
traders
representative democracy
In which the citizens elect representative who in turn run the government while representing them.
Euuriphides
A greek playwright
Diocletian
Known for dividing the Roman Empire in half
To become hellenized is to
adopt the Greek ways
Upanishads
complex philosophical explanations of the Vedic religion
Hittites were known for
being the first people to use iron extensively for weapons
Plato
creator of the first westernized school The Academy
Herodotus
known as "father of History"
rhetoric
the study of oratory, or public speaking, and debating
Hellenistic society included a middle class that thrived because
trade expanded
David
responsible for uniting the 12 tribes of Israel
Sanskrit
the indo-ayrian language
karma
positive or negative force generated by a person's actions, which will determine their status in the next life
Aeschylus
A greek playwright
legion
a military unit consisting of 4,500 to 6,000 soilders
Claudius
an intelligent and scholarly man who conquered Britain. It is believed that his wife, Agrippina, poisoned him with tainted mushrooms
an organization of infantry into tightly spaced rows of soilders equipped with pikes
Phalanx
The Council of Five Hundred
made up of 500 people 50 from each tribe. Members served for one year terms and could serve only twice. They proposed laws to the assembly and met at least 10 times a year. They were the source of ultimate authority.
Boyars
nobles of Kievan Russia
steppe
vast, treeless plain in Eurasia
Nero
a Judio-Claudian Emperor ruled from 54- 68 A.D. believed to have started the Great Fire of Rome then to have blamed it on the Christians.
Visigoths
Germanic tribe that moved westward occupying land north of the Danube River
Marc Antony
Ruled the east while Octavian ruled the west. Defeated by Octavian because the greek senate declared war on them due to Octavians supporting words. Committed suicide with Cleopatra after seeing no escape
Menes
a pharaoh who united Egypt
One characteristic of Greek art during the golden age was that it glorified
Humans
Alexandria
a city in Egypt that had public meeting places such as theaters, libraries, and gymnasiums where men excercised and discussed important topics. Also the library had thousands of documents and was an available resource for many. To add to this there was also an education center and a trade center.
maya
the belief that the world known to our senses is merely an illusion
division of labor
when people in a society each perform different jobs

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