ch 16 sage notes
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- Dutch Republic
- United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.
- Rembrandt van Rijn
- painter-perhaps greatest of all Baroque artists although he doesn't fit neatly into any category
- Peter Paul Reubens
- Flemish painter-worked much for Hapsburg court in Brussels-color and sensuality-Christian subjects-sensual nudes
- Edict of Fountainbleu
- revoked Edict of Nantes-Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism-fled
- Pride's Purge
- elements of New Model Army removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians form Parliament leaving Rump parliament
- J.S. Bach
- greatest of baroque composers-often wrote dense and polyphonic structures-variety of genres, both choral and instrumental
- Henry IV
- Henry of Navarre-laid foundation for France becoming strongest European power in 17th century-first king of bourbon dynasty-weakened nobility-Duke of Sully-assassinated in 1610
- Glorious Revolution
- final act in struggle for political sovereignty in England-James II forced to abdicate throne-Bill of Rights
- War of Spanish Succession
- (1701-1713) Charles II gave all Spanish territories to grandson of Louis XIV-Grand alliance emerged in opposition to France: England, Dutch Republic, HRE, Brandenburg, Portugal, Savoy-fear of French influence over Spain or combination of 2 countries
- Corvee
- forced labor that required peasants to work for a month out of the year on roads and other public projects
- Charles I
- son of James I-claimed divine right-sought to rule w/o parliament and control Church of England-needed money from Parliament
- Absolutism
- derived from traditional assumption of power and belief in divine right
- Toleration Act
- 1689-granted right to worship for Protestant nonconformists
- Charles II
- Cavalier Parliament restored him-agreed to abide by Parliament's decisions-religious toleration
- Clarendon Code
- instituted in 1661 by monarchists and Anglicans-sought to drive all Puritans out of both political and religious life
- Treaty of Pyrenees
- marked end of Spain as great power-war between France and Spain continued for 11 years after 30 Yrs War
- Interregnum
- rule without king (1649-1660)
- Short parliament
- (1640) Scottish military revolt in 1640 occurred when Charles attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on Scottish Presbyterian Church-needed new taxes-Parliament reconvened-refusal of Petition of Right-disbanded after a month
- Treaty of Utrecht
- (1713) maintained balance of power in Europe-ended War of Spanish Succession and expansionism of Louis XIV-Spanish possessions partitioned-Britain gets slave trade, Gibraltar, Minorca-Belgium to Austria
- Versailles Palace
- built during the reign of Louis XIV is the quintessential baroque structure
- Third Estate
- bourgeoisie (middle class) artisans, urban workers, and peasants
- Bill of Rights
- constitutional monarchy-king could not be Roman Catholic; laws could be made only with consent of Parliament-standing army in peacetime not legal without Parliamentary approval-taxation illegal without Parliamentary approval-excessive bail and cruel punishments prohibited-right to trial by jury, due process of law, and reasonable bail-right to bear arms-free elections to Parliament-right of petition
- Arminian
- Calvinism w/o predestination-other Calvinist faction in Dutch Republic
- Winter palace
- Peter the Great in Russia built in St. Peterburg largely on influence of Versailles
- Mercantilism
- state control over a country's economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries
- Rump Parliament
- 1/5 of original Parliament remaining
- L' état c'est moi
- I am the state
- Jan Vermeer
- paintings of ordinary people in simple scenes
- Act of Settlement
- 1701-if King William or sister-in-law, Anne died without children, Crown would pass to granddaughter of James I, the Hanoverian electress dowager, or to her Protestant heirs-Stuarts no longer in line of succession-Anne died in 1714, Hanoverian heir assumed the throne as George I
- Quakers
- believed in an inner light-divine spark existed within each person-rejected church authority-Pacifists-allowed women to play a role in preaching
- Artemisia Gentileschi
- famous for vivid depictions of dramatic sense and her Judith paintings
- Ship money
- counties required to pay to outfit ships
- William and Mary
- joint sovereigns by Parliament
- Price revolution
- hurt domestic industries that were unable to export goods
- Baroque
- reflected age of absolutism-began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of Catholic church
- Gustavus Adolphus
- reorganized Swedish govt.
- Cabinet system
- leading ministers who were members of House of Commons and had support of majority of members, made common policy and conducted the business of the country
- Oliver Cromwell
- fiercely Puritan Independent and military leader of Roundheads, led model army to victory in 1649
- House of Commons
- England's lower house in Parliament
- Thomas Hobbes
- Leviathan-pessimistic view of human beings in state of nature
- Archbishop Laud
- leader of persecution of Puritans-tried and executed
- Cardinal Richelieu
- laid foundation for absolutism in France-politique-intendant system-mercantilism-taxation-subdued Huguenots
- Test Act
- 1673-excluded those unwilling to receive the sacrament of the Church of England form voting, holding office, preaching, teaching, attending universities, ore assembling for meetings
- Robert Walpole
- first Prime Minister in British history
- Cavaliers
- supported king-clergy and supporters of Anglican church-majority of old gentry-north and west-Irish Catholics
- English Civil War
- Charles tried to arrest several Puritans in parliament-crowd came to Parliament's defense
- War of League of Augsburg
- formed in 1686 in response to invasion of Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV in 1683-HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Dutch Republic-William of Orange brought England against France-status quo prior to war
- First Estate
- clergy 1% of pop.
- Long parliament
- (1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
- Louis XIII
- (1610-1643) as youth regency was beset by corruption and mismanagement-feudal nobles and princes increased their power-certain nobles convinced him to assume power and exile mother-Richelieu
- Carvaggio
- Italian painter-1st important painter of Baroque era-depicted highly emotional scenes
- Nobility of the robe
- new nobles who purchased their titles from the monarchy, became high officials in govt. and remained loyal to king
- Levellers
- radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms
- Second Estate
- nobility 3-4% of pop.
- Prime Minister
- leader of govt.-member of majority
- Escorial Palace
- Philip II built to demonstrate power
- Jean Baptiste Colbert
- economic self-sufficiency-construction of roads and canals-monopolies-cracked down on guilds-reduced local tolls-French trading companies-merchant marine
- Bullionism
- nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries
- Gentry
- wealthy landowners in countryside who dominated politics in House of Commons
- Bernini
- personified baroque architecture and sculpture-Colonnade for piazza in front of St. Peter's -The Ecstasy of St. Teresa
- Act of Union
- 1707-united England and Scotland into Great Britain
- Intendant System
- used to weaken nobility-replaced local officials with civil servants-32 districts with intendant in charge of justice, police, and finance over theirs
- Sun king
- center of French power
- Nobility of the sword
- not allowed to influence royal council-old nobility
- Amsterdam
- banking and commercial center of Europe
- James II
- inherited throne at age 55 from brother Charles II-sought to return England to Catholicism
- William of Orange
- Mary's husband (Mary was James' daughter) invited to assume throne-Dutch Stadholder
- James I
- James VI of Scotland next in line to assume throne-after Elizabeth I-believed in divine right-twice dissolved Parliament
- John Locke
- Second Treatise of Civil Govt. (1690) most notable defense of Glorious Revolution
- Mercantilism
- increased role of state in economy in order to achieve a favorable balance of trade with other countries
- Fronde
- nobles revolted against Mazarin-Louis determined to control nobles
- Balance of power
- no one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power
- Roundheads
- opposed king-Puritans-allied with Scotland-supported by Presbyterian dominated London-businessmen-nobles in south and east-navy and merchant marine
- Louis XIV
- sun king-quintessential absolute ruler in European history-personified idea that sovereignty of state resides in ruler-believer in divine right-undisputed major power-Fronde
- Diego Velazquez
- perhaps greatest court painter of era-numerous portraits of Spanish court and surroundings
- Constitutionalism
- govt. power is limited by law-delicate balance between power of govt. and right and liberties of individuals
- Jean Racine
- dramatist-plays funded by Louis XIV-classical style of plays-intense emotional works
- Habeas Corpus Act
- enabled judges to demand that prisoners be in court during trials required just cause for continued imprisonment; speedy trials; forbade double jeopardy
- Nicolas Poussin
- painter-paintings rationally organized to achieve harmony and balances-classical scenes-landscapes
- Bishop Jacques Bossuet
- principle advocate of divine right of kings during reign of Louis XIV-believed divine right meant that king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group
- Jean-Baptists Moliere
- dramatist-his plays often focused on social struggles-made fun of aristocracy, upper bourgeoisie and high church officials
- Petition of Right
- Parliament attempted to encourage the king to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases: only Parliament had right to levy taxes; no one should be imprisoned or detained w/o due process of law; habeas corpus; no forced quartering of soldiers in homes of private citizens; martial law could not be declared in peacetime
- The Protectorate
- dictatorship-Oliver Cromwell-dissolved Rump parliament-England divided into 12 districts-denied religious freedom to Anglicans and Catholics-allowed Jews to return to England
- Peace of Alais
- Huguenots lost fortified cities and Protestant armies
- Stadholder
- governor of Dutch provinces
- Versailles Palace
- grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe-Baroque-helped with control over nobility
- Stuarts
- ruled England for most of 17th century-absolutist tendencies-restrained by growth of Parliament
- Schonbrunn
- Hapsburg emperor Leopold I built this in Austria in response to Versailles palace
- Diggers
- denied parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land
- Jean Bodin
- among the first to provide a theoretical basis for absolutist states-wrote during chaos of French Civil Wars-believed that only absolutism could provide order and force people to obey govt.
- Dutch Reformed
- majority of Calvinist faction in Dutch Republic
- Duke of Sully
- finance minister-reforms enhanced power of monarchy-mercantilism-reduced royal debt-reformed tax system-oversaw improved transportation
- Jansenists
- Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas-cracked down
- Cardinal Mazarin
- controlled France while Louis XIV was child