SS world history
Terms
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- minoans
- Built labyrinths, were from Crete, strong sea traders
- greek religion
- Had many deities, gods were depicted in human form
- athens
- Had a democracy, very well educated
- sparta
- Warlike people, people married young and all males were military
- polis
- city-state
- agora
- Central part of polis, usually open field, where people gathered
- Tyranny
- When only one person rules a polis and has absolute power
- Oligarchy
- Group of nobles ruled
- Geography of Greece
- Rough terrain, in south, had mountains and sea
- Themostocles
- Athenian general who created fleet and defeated Persians
- persian battles
- Thermopylae (Sparta), Salamis (Naval), Marathon (Race)
- persian wars
- Against Greece, Greeks won all, weakens Greece
- Delian League
- All of Greece except Sparta, who push Persians out of Greece
- Leonidas
- King of Sparta, dies at Thermopylae, BEAST
- Pericles
- Athenian ruler during Greek Golden Age; art, architecture thrived
- classical
- Art style of ancient Greece, beautiful and balanced
- greek art
- Nice, perspective, balanced
- perspective
- Artistic Style, shows relationships of space between objects
- Parthenon
- Temple to Athena, where deities would live
- Phidias
- designed Parthenon, sculptor
- Homer
- blind poet who wrote the Illiad, and Odyssey
- Tradgedy
- Story in which the protagonist dies terribly
- Comedy
- Story or play which the point is to entertain
- Aristophanes
- first writer of comedy
- Olympic Games
- Held once every four years, each country competed
- Socrates
- Philosopher, came up with teaching method; asking questions and have pupils explain them
- Plato
- Socrates’ pupil, creates his own school, believed in absolute truth, wrote Republic book, believed that government should be run by educated people
- Aristotle
- philosopher, scientist; Alexander the Grate’s teacher
- Peloponesian war
- Weakens all of Greece, Athens vs. Sparta
- Herodotus
- – 1st Greek historian
- Thucydides
- Completely rejects deities, historian
- Hippcrates
- father of modern medicine; a doctor
- Phillip II
- King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great father
- Alexander the Great
- conquered and unified Greece and Persian cultures
- Domains
- divided into 3 kingdoms or regions
- Hellenistic culture
- Greek and Persian culture
- Archimedes
- mathematician
- Patrician
- Upper class, nobles
- Republic
- A government in which citizens elect their leaders and the leaders make the choices
- Plebian
- Working class, lower
- Consul
- 2 elected leaders from patricians
- Dictator
- Leader given absolute power during time of crisis
- tribune
- Official who represented the plebeians
- Romolus and remes
- Person who founded Rome; brothers
- Triumvirate
- government, 3 equal leaders; after consul and tribune
- Hannibal
- leader of Carthiage who invaded Italy, in second Punic war
- Julius Ceasar
- Dictator of Rome, conquered land, spent to much money, got killed
- Octavian
- Augustus Caesar, takes over after Caesar dies, begins Roman Empire, had Pax Romana
- Marc Antony
- friend of Caesar, married Cleopatra after Caesar died
- Cleopatra
- Egyptian queen
- Aqueducts
- Artificial channels that carried water
- Pax Romana
- The period of time when Rome had no wars and flourished
- Marcus Aurelis
- One of the “Good Emperorsâ€, great prosperity
- Martyr
- Person who dies for his beliefs
- Jesus
- founder of Christianity
- Inflation
- – When prices rise instantly
- Attila
- Leader of the Huns who take eastern part of Rome
- Disciple
- – Active follower of Jesus
- St.Paul
- Very important disciple, spread Christianity after Jesus died
- Messiah
- The savior or chosen one
- Fall of rome
- Corruption, barbarian invasions, inflation, food shortages
- Diocletian
- divided Rome into 2 parts
- Constatine
- founded Constantinople, capital of Byzantine Empire. 1st Christian Empire of Rome
- The new rome
- when Rome collapsed in west they took government and culture, religion. Takes some roman tradition.
- Constantinople
- Natural defense, on edge of Europe and Asia; good trading spot
- byzantine culture
- MOSAICS, and murals; mix of Greek and Christian religion
- theodora
- Helped women’s rights, Justinian’s wife
- mosaics
- Stone paintings
- justinians code
- Classifies Roman laws, helps females
- Byzantine religion
- Christian, later Eastern Orthodox and Catholic
- clergy
- Church leaders
- Laity
- Church members
- iconoclasts
- People who would destroy icons
- Leo III
- Ruler, commands all icons to be destroyed
- Schism
- ivide between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
- Icons
- Religious images
- Missionaries
- People who spread religious beliefs
- Cyril
- – most famous missionary. Came up with alphabet and spread to Slavic lands
- Methoius
- Cyril’s brother
- Cyrillic Alphabet
- Made into Slavic language so they understand teachings
- Ottoman Empire
- people who conquered Byzantine Empire
- Location of eastern slavs
- North of Byzantine Empire
- Moscow
- Slowly rises and then retakes land, pushes Mongols out
- Arabian Peninsula
- Asia Minor. Between Red Sea and Persian Gulf
- Bedouin
- Name of the Arab nomads. Nomadic People in Arabian peninsula. Herded sheep, goats, and camels.
- Sheikh
- Chief of a Bedouin tribe
- Muhammad
- Messiah of Islam. Prophet
- Makkah
- Capital of Islam, had Kaaba, don’t initially accept Islam. Most important city
- Madinah
- Yathrib changes name to this, becomes first Muslim countries
- Revelation
- God tells Muhammad stuff. A vision
- 5 pillars of islam
- Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage
- quran
- Holy book that recorded Muhammad’s teachings
- arabic
- Language spoken in Arabic lands. Quran was written in this
- ramadan
- Holy month, when people fast
- mosque
- Sanctuary where Muslims can pray. Can also be a school
- Shari\'ah
- Law book with moral principals
- Hajj
- Pilgrimage to Makkah
- Caliph
- Successor of Islamic leader
- Abu Bakr
- 1st caliph, spread Islam and conquered land. After Muhammad
- Umayyad Dynasty
- Founded by Mu-awiyah, bad ruling. After Muhammad
- Sunnis
- Believe Caliph is political leader, not religious. Majority
- Shiites
- Believe Caliph is religious, and Caliph has to be descendant of Muhammad. Minority
- Caligraphy
- Nice handwriting
- Arabesques
- Drawings that would go along calligraphy
- Moses Maimondes
- Jew that escaped inquisition, leads Egypt, writes law book
- Clovis
- King of the Franks, first Germanic ruler to accept Christianity
- Charles Martel
- Defends Franks from Muslim invasion
- Pepin the short
- – Son of Charles, creates alliance with the pope
- Charlemagne
- Pepin’s son, good monarch, creates Frankish Empire; Unites west Europe. “Holy Roman Empireâ€
- Vikings
- Mainly cause collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, great raiders from Scandinavia
- Feudalism
- When nobles made alliances between the smaller kingdoms; granted fiefs to gain control
- Fief
- Land granted to someone in return for loyalty and respect
- vassal
- person who pledges loyalty to someone above them
- Homage
- Ceremony in which feudal ties are established
- Tournament
- Mock Battles
- Chivalry
- Code of conduct for medieval knights
- Manorialism
- System linking peasants and noble on a fief
- Serf
- Peasant who can’t leave estate without permission, but isn’t a slave
- Knight
- Mounted Warrior
- Lord
- A owner of a large estate, higher than a noble, usually owned its own castle; collected taxes, settled disputes
- Lady
- Wife of a lord, ran household
- Peasant
- Worked on the manor
- Sacrament
- Church rituals
- Abott
- head of a monastery
- Heresy
- Disbelief of churches teachings, or offensive to the church
- Exocommunication
- When someone is doesn’t receive the sacraments; kicked out of the church
- Friar
- A traveling preacher
- Wiliam the conquerer
- Duke of Normandy, takes over England, defeats Saxons; won battle of Hastings, became king
- Alfred the great
- Unites Anglo-Saxons and lots of Europe, creates England; 1st king of England
- Magna Carta
- English constitution, puts limits on Kings rights and power
- Crusades
- - 4. All failed except 1st; led to more trade and communication between Europe and Asia
- Seljuk turks
- Muslims who occupied middle East
- Saladin
- ruler of Muslims. Defeated crusades when they invaded
- Richard I
- English king who led a crusade
- Urban II
- ordered 1st crusade
- Money Economy
- after crusades trade began
- Guild
- business alliance
- Apprentice
- young crafts person who joins guild and then leaves after learning trade
- Dante
- wrote divine comedy in Italian
- Chaucer
- wrote tobury tales in English
- Joan of arch
- during was between England and France. Won 100 years war. She led French and was a hero
- Pilgrimage
- trip for Holy purpose
- Great Schism
- 2 popes. Led to split in church
- John Wycliffe
- translated bible from Latin to English
- Jan Hus
- criticized church because Jesus was a humble man and Popes had wars
- hello
- goodbye