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World History Midterm - SK

Terms

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legion
most important military unit of the Roman army, 4500-6000 soldiers
Khyber Pass
mountain pass into north-western India
Marcus Aurelius
last emperor of the Pax Romana
Peisistratus
Athenian who seized power as a tyrant in 546 BC
Asoka
Chandragupat Maurya's grandson, enlarged the Empire to almost all of India
Al-Madinah
city to which Muhhamad fled in 662
Xia Dynasty
dynasty who ruled over a late neolithic people in early China
Justinian
the greatest Byzantine emperor who reclaimed much of the early Roman Empire
Rus
people who settled in what was to become Russia
Scipio
brilliant Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama
Angora
battle where the Ottoman Turks captured the Muslim emperor
Qinling Shandi
mountain range in Central China that marks the boundary between North and South
Indra
Indo-Aryan god of storms and war
jihad
struggle to defend the faith
patriarchs
bishops of the five administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman Empire
Nanak
the first Sikh guru
Deccan
the area south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Rajputs
strong rulers who rose after the fall of Harsha, followed warrior code
Huns
barbarian tribe led by Attila
Hatshepsut
the first woman ruler of Egypt
Han Dynasty
dynasty created when Liu Bang overthrew the Qin Dynasty
Galen
physician in Rome who wrote a summary of medical knowledge of the time
metropolitan
chief bishop of the Kievan church
latifundia
large Roman estates
Philip II
Macedonian ruler who created the first paid army and admired the Greeks (don't need the "of Macedonia" in the name)
Menes
a king of Upper Egypt who united all of Egypt
Spartacus
slave who led a brutal revolt and died in battle
Enlightened One
name for Buddha, actually named Siddhartha Gautama, founded Buddhism
Ramayana
epic about the prince Rama and his wife Sita
Janissaries
Christian slave soldiers of the Muslim Empire
Mycenaeans
people who dominated the mainland in Greece from 1600-1200 BC
Kiev
city on the Dneiper River, capital of Russia between from 882 to 1169
millets
communities of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire
Polovtsians
Turkish people who controlled the area south of Kiev after 1055
Thucydides
Greek historian who wrote about the Peloppenesian War
Greek Fire
ancient napalm, used in naval battles, water won't extinguish it
Nebuchadnezzar
Chaldean leader, built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Timur
Turk-Mongol leader who interrupted the Delhi sultans
Ajanta
site of caves in central India with murals painted in them
Hyksos
an Asiatic people who ruled Egypt after the fall of the Middle Kingdon
Chang Jiang
(Yangzi River) major river that flows across China to the East China Sea
Harsha
the sixteen-year-old rajah who conquered what had been the Gupta Empire
the Five Classics
the most important works of Chinese literature (The Books of Poetry, History, Rites, Divination, and The Sprind and Autumn Annals)
Archimedes
Greek mathematician who measured circles, explained levers with math, and developed a screw
Third Rome
name given to Moscow since it was believed to be destined to bring spiritual light to the whole world
Brahmins
priests in the Indo-Aryan religion
Delos
first site of the treasury for the Delian League; city from which the Delian League gets its name
Qin Dynasty
dynasty founded by Shi Huangdi, rose through military might
Alaric
King of the Visigoths who conquered Rome
Alexander the Great
great Macedonian ruler who led conquests through Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Persia, and India
Ottoman Turks
people who conquered the Byzantine Empire
Guptas
great rulers of India, held an empire from the Bay of Bengel to the Arabian Sea
maya
according to Hinduism, the illusory world of the senses
Euclid
noted Greek mathematician who developed geometry and wrote "Elements"
Hagia Sophia
church in Constantinople whose name means "Holy Wisdom"
sultan
secular Turkish ruler
monism
Hindu belief that God and human beings are one
Democritus
Greek philosopher who developed the atom theory
taiga
forest zone in northern region of Kievan Russia
Pythagoras
Greek mathematician who thought nature was controlled by numbers, known for his Theorem regarding right triangles
Salamis
naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae
Sophocles
Greek playwright who wrote tragedies such as 'Oedipus Rex"
Praxiteles
Greek sculptor who lived 100 years after Phidias and created life-size sculptures that expressed Greek admiration for the human body
Aristarchus
a Greek scientist who believed that planets revolved around the sun but failed to convince others
Taj Mahal
means "Hall of Private Audience", built at Agra
Gobi Desert
vast desert that makes up part of the Mongolian plateau
Zhou Dynasty
dynasty that came after conquest of the Shang Dynasty, introduced the Madate of Heaven
Shah Jahan
builder of the Taj Mahal
phalanx
military formation consisting of rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder and equipped with long pikes
Xi Jiang
a river that serves as a comercial waterway in China, flows 1200 miles
iconoclast controversy
argument between the supporters and opponents of icons
Zeus
king of the Greek gods
Myron
Greek sculptor who created "The Discus Thrower"
Socrates
famous Greek philosopher, taught philosophy throguh dialogue in the forum, persecuted for "corrupting the youth"
hijrah
migration of Muhammad to Al-Madinah in 662
Homer
blind poet in Greece who wrote of the Trojan War and of Oddyseus
Pompey
member of the First Triumvirate who fled to Greece and was later defeated by Caesar
tribunes
officials elected by Rome's popular assemblies; kept laws in the public's interest
Ivan IV
called "Ivan the Terrible",
Susruta
Indian doctor who practiced cleanliness
Liu Bang
commoner who rose through the ranks of the Qin Dynasty to overthrow it and form a new dynasty named after teh title he took, "King of Han"
Pericles
great orator, general, and statesman in Athens, under whom democracy flourished
Indus River
major river in Southern Asia, site of early civilization
Aristotle
Plato's student who founded his own school
Aristophanes
Greek playwright who wrote comedies such as "Clouds"
Hindu Kush
high mountain range that forms the western section of the mountain barrier separating India from the rest of Asia
Rurik
leader of the Rus
Urdu
current language of Pakistan
raja
prince who ruled an Indo-Aryan city state
The Analects
a collection of Confucius' ideas and teachings
Confucius
China's most famous and influential teacher whose ideas and teachings were written in The Analects
censors
Roman magistrates who registered citizens according to their wealth
Wu Di
the longest-ruling Han emperor who established a capital at Changan, established the Pax Sinica
Novgorod
important trade center that provided a link between northern Europe and Asia, one of the oldest cities in Russia
helots
social group in Sparta consisting of slaves
Babur
descendent of Timur who conquered Delhi
Constantine
became sole emperor in 324, known for protection of Christianity and the relocation of the capital to Byzantium
Sargon I
most powerful Akkadian king, ruled from 2350-2300 BC
metic
person living in Athens who was not an Athenian citizen
imams
spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad
Cyrus
Persian ruler who successfully rebelled against the Medes
archons
elected rulers in the early government of Athens
Themistocles
Athenian leader who evacuated Athens and eventually defeated the Persians at the Strait of Salamis
colonus
Roman tenant farmer
Ganges River
major river in India, center of Indian civilizations by the 600s B.C.
Phidias
Greek sculptor who created two statues of Athena that were on the Acropolis and in the Parthenon
Vindhya Range
separated southern part of India, remained culturally different
Ivan III
Russian leader from Moscow who overthrew the Mogols; called "Ivan the Great"
Commodus
Marcus Aurelius' weak spoiled son who was named successor
caliph
Islamic title meaning "successor to the prophet"
Pravda Russkaia
the first Russian law code
Ptolemy
scientist from Alexandria who wrote theories on astronomy
Epicurus
founder of Epicurean philosophy, believed the aim of life was to avoid pain
Romulus
mythical founder of Rome, killed his brother
Herodotus
father of history, sought to distinguish between stories and truth
Nero
cruel emperor who may have been responsible for the burning of Rome, committed suicide by slitting his throat
Aryabhata
mathematician who computed the value of pi
Ramses II
powerful pharoah who kept Egypt together during invasion
hubris
excessive pride in one's self; often seen in heroes of Greek dramas
Abu Bakr
the first caliph, one of Muhammad's closest friends
Laozi
influential teacher in ancient China, founded Daoism
division of labor
characteristic of civilization in which different people perform different jobs
Dorians
primitive Greeks who rose after the fall of the Mycenaeans
Draco
Greek ruler who wrote down laws in 621 BC, said to be cruel
Seville
capital of Spain under Muslim rule
Thermopylae
battle site where the 300 spartans faced the Persian army
Amenhotep IV
pharoah who attempted to bring about social and religious revolution
praetors
military commanders and overseers of the legal system in early Rome
Indo-Aryans
Indo-European tribes who migrated to India
Yaroslav the Wise
wrote the "Pravda Russkaia", the first Russian law code
Marius
elected consul in 107 BC, revolutionized the army with universal recruitment and booty
plebeians
ciizens of Rome not of the aristocratic class
suttee
Indian ritual in which a widow commits suicide after the death of her husband
ephor
one of five rulers or overseers elected by the assembly in Sparta
Hannibal
Carthaginian general who marched across the Alps, initiating the Second Punic War
Demosthenes
an orator in Athens who led teh opposition to Philip
Hipparchus
Greek mathematician who used trigonometry systematically and calculated the length of a year
Aeschylus
Greek playwright, wrote about the murder of Agamemnon
Chandragupta Maurya
a powerful young adventurer who gave rise to a new kingdom in India
hoplite
member of a group of heavily armed Greek infantry that usually fought in the phalanx formation
Agra
site of teh Taj Mahal
cultural diffusion
spread of culture from one area of the world to another
Mahabarata
an epic about a great civil war in northern India
Shi Huangdi
founder of the Qin Dynasty whose name means "first emperor"
mosques
Muslim centers of worship
Al-Razi
physician in Baghdad in the early 900s, wrote on small pox and other diseases
patricians
powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society
Delhi
important city to the Mughals during their rule in India
Pyrrho
founder of Skepticism, believed that no defintie knowledge is possible
Eratosthenes
Greek scientist who calculated the circumference of the Earth
Jabal Tariq
means "Mountain of Tariq", also called the Pillars of Hercules
Hippocrates
Greek physician who believed that diseases came from natural causes rather than the Gods, known for his oath, which doctors today still take
dynasty
family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary
indemnity
compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it
Shang Dynasty
dynasty established by invaders who conquered the Xia dynasty
Marathon
site of legendary battle between Athens and Persia; 23.6 miles from Athens
Marc Antony
member of the Second Triumvirate who joined Cleopatra and was defeated by Octavian
Euripides
realist Greek playwright who wrote "The Trojan Women"
Hammurabi
great military and political leader of Babylon, established the first written laws
consuls
chief executives in early Rome who ran the government and served as army commanders
Bosporus
narrow straits in Turkey that act as a gateway between the eastern and western ancient world
Constantinople
ancient city in the European part of Turkey, capital of the Byzantine Empire (after the emperor changed the name)
Zoroaster
religious reformer in Persia, established a new religion, named after him
Sulla
elected consul in 88 BC, attacked Rome, dictator from 82-79 BC, died peacefully on a farm
the Vedas
the great literature of Indo-Aryan religion
Tutankhamen
the boy pharoah who succeeded Akhenaton
collegia
workers' trade assosciations in ancient Rome
Varuna
Indo-Aryan god of cosmic order and the sky
Cleisthenes
Greek ruler who established democracy in 508 BC
boyars
members of the social class of nobles in Kievan Russia
Akbar
leader of the Mughal Empire, brought the Rajputs under control
Muhammad
holy prophet of Islam, recieved the Qur'an from the angel Jibreel
Diogenes
a Greek Cynic who taught that people should live according to nature
Attila
leader of the Huns, defeated at Chalons-Sur-Marne
Xerxes
son of Darius, ruler of Persia, finished war with the Greeks
czar
Russian word for Caesar
Hadrian
emperor who built a wall across the middle of Britain
Zeno
established Stoic philosophy, believed divine reason controlled the world
Mecca
city that is the center of Muslim faith
Cyril and Methodius
missionary brothers who converted slavs to Christianity
Darius
father of Xerxes, ruler of Persia, began war with the Greeks
equites
class of Roman business and land-owning people who had wealth and political power
Vladimir I
Russian leader who invited representatives of different religions to convert people
Tigris and Euphrates
rivers in southwestern Asia, site of early civilization
Cleopatra
given the throne in Egypt by Caesar
caliphates
three divisions of the Muslim Empire at Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba
Athena
goddess of wisdom in Greek culture
Minoans
powerful civilization on Crete during the time of Greece
Theodora
Justinian's wife, improved the status of women in Byzantine society
Qur'an
holy book of Islam (Muslim spelling)
Upanishads
philosophical explanations of the Vedic religion
Solon
became Athenian archon in 594 BC and is known for political and social reform
Romulus Augustulus
the last emperor in the western Roman Empire; overthrown in 476
Pax Romana
period of Roman peace from the beginning of Augustus's reign until the death fo Marcus Aurelius
Bhagavad Gita
the last 18 chapters of the Mahabarata, the most important sections of the epics
Plato
Socrates' pupil, founded the Academy, advocated a government run by thinkers
Dynastic Cycle
cycle in China of founding, expansion, regression, and collapse of ruling families

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