World History Midterm - SK
Terms
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- legion
- most important military unit of the Roman army, 4500-6000 soldiers
- Khyber Pass
- mountain pass into north-western India
- Marcus Aurelius
- last emperor of the Pax Romana
- Peisistratus
- Athenian who seized power as a tyrant in 546 BC
- Asoka
- Chandragupat Maurya's grandson, enlarged the Empire to almost all of India
- Al-Madinah
- city to which Muhhamad fled in 662
- Xia Dynasty
- dynasty who ruled over a late neolithic people in early China
- Justinian
- the greatest Byzantine emperor who reclaimed much of the early Roman Empire
- Rus
- people who settled in what was to become Russia
- Scipio
- brilliant Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama
- Angora
- battle where the Ottoman Turks captured the Muslim emperor
- Qinling Shandi
- mountain range in Central China that marks the boundary between North and South
- Indra
- Indo-Aryan god of storms and war
- jihad
- struggle to defend the faith
- patriarchs
- bishops of the five administrative centers for the church in the last years of the Roman Empire
- Nanak
- the first Sikh guru
- Deccan
- the area south of the Indo-Gangetic Plain
- Rajputs
- strong rulers who rose after the fall of Harsha, followed warrior code
- Huns
- barbarian tribe led by Attila
- Hatshepsut
- the first woman ruler of Egypt
- Han Dynasty
- dynasty created when Liu Bang overthrew the Qin Dynasty
- Galen
- physician in Rome who wrote a summary of medical knowledge of the time
- metropolitan
- chief bishop of the Kievan church
- latifundia
- large Roman estates
- Philip II
- Macedonian ruler who created the first paid army and admired the Greeks (don't need the "of Macedonia" in the name)
- Menes
- a king of Upper Egypt who united all of Egypt
- Spartacus
- slave who led a brutal revolt and died in battle
- Enlightened One
- name for Buddha, actually named Siddhartha Gautama, founded Buddhism
- Ramayana
- epic about the prince Rama and his wife Sita
- Janissaries
- Christian slave soldiers of the Muslim Empire
- Mycenaeans
- people who dominated the mainland in Greece from 1600-1200 BC
- Kiev
- city on the Dneiper River, capital of Russia between from 882 to 1169
- millets
- communities of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire
- Polovtsians
- Turkish people who controlled the area south of Kiev after 1055
- Thucydides
- Greek historian who wrote about the Peloppenesian War
- Greek Fire
- ancient napalm, used in naval battles, water won't extinguish it
- Nebuchadnezzar
- Chaldean leader, built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- Timur
- Turk-Mongol leader who interrupted the Delhi sultans
- Ajanta
- site of caves in central India with murals painted in them
- Hyksos
- an Asiatic people who ruled Egypt after the fall of the Middle Kingdon
- Chang Jiang
- (Yangzi River) major river that flows across China to the East China Sea
- Harsha
- the sixteen-year-old rajah who conquered what had been the Gupta Empire
- the Five Classics
- the most important works of Chinese literature (The Books of Poetry, History, Rites, Divination, and The Sprind and Autumn Annals)
- Archimedes
- Greek mathematician who measured circles, explained levers with math, and developed a screw
- Third Rome
- name given to Moscow since it was believed to be destined to bring spiritual light to the whole world
- Brahmins
- priests in the Indo-Aryan religion
- Delos
- first site of the treasury for the Delian League; city from which the Delian League gets its name
- Qin Dynasty
- dynasty founded by Shi Huangdi, rose through military might
- Alaric
- King of the Visigoths who conquered Rome
- Alexander the Great
- great Macedonian ruler who led conquests through Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, Persia, and India
- Ottoman Turks
- people who conquered the Byzantine Empire
- Guptas
- great rulers of India, held an empire from the Bay of Bengel to the Arabian Sea
- maya
- according to Hinduism, the illusory world of the senses
- Euclid
- noted Greek mathematician who developed geometry and wrote "Elements"
- Hagia Sophia
- church in Constantinople whose name means "Holy Wisdom"
- sultan
- secular Turkish ruler
- monism
- Hindu belief that God and human beings are one
- Democritus
- Greek philosopher who developed the atom theory
- taiga
- forest zone in northern region of Kievan Russia
- Pythagoras
- Greek mathematician who thought nature was controlled by numbers, known for his Theorem regarding right triangles
- Salamis
- naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae
- Sophocles
- Greek playwright who wrote tragedies such as 'Oedipus Rex"
- Praxiteles
- Greek sculptor who lived 100 years after Phidias and created life-size sculptures that expressed Greek admiration for the human body
- Aristarchus
- a Greek scientist who believed that planets revolved around the sun but failed to convince others
- Taj Mahal
- means "Hall of Private Audience", built at Agra
- Gobi Desert
- vast desert that makes up part of the Mongolian plateau
- Zhou Dynasty
- dynasty that came after conquest of the Shang Dynasty, introduced the Madate of Heaven
- Shah Jahan
- builder of the Taj Mahal
- phalanx
- military formation consisting of rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder and equipped with long pikes
- Xi Jiang
- a river that serves as a comercial waterway in China, flows 1200 miles
- iconoclast controversy
- argument between the supporters and opponents of icons
- Zeus
- king of the Greek gods
- Myron
- Greek sculptor who created "The Discus Thrower"
- Socrates
- famous Greek philosopher, taught philosophy throguh dialogue in the forum, persecuted for "corrupting the youth"
- hijrah
- migration of Muhammad to Al-Madinah in 662
- Homer
- blind poet in Greece who wrote of the Trojan War and of Oddyseus
- Pompey
- member of the First Triumvirate who fled to Greece and was later defeated by Caesar
- tribunes
- officials elected by Rome's popular assemblies; kept laws in the public's interest
- Ivan IV
- called "Ivan the Terrible",
- Susruta
- Indian doctor who practiced cleanliness
- Liu Bang
- commoner who rose through the ranks of the Qin Dynasty to overthrow it and form a new dynasty named after teh title he took, "King of Han"
- Pericles
- great orator, general, and statesman in Athens, under whom democracy flourished
- Indus River
- major river in Southern Asia, site of early civilization
- Aristotle
- Plato's student who founded his own school
- Aristophanes
- Greek playwright who wrote comedies such as "Clouds"
- Hindu Kush
- high mountain range that forms the western section of the mountain barrier separating India from the rest of Asia
- Rurik
- leader of the Rus
- Urdu
- current language of Pakistan
- raja
- prince who ruled an Indo-Aryan city state
- The Analects
- a collection of Confucius' ideas and teachings
- Confucius
- China's most famous and influential teacher whose ideas and teachings were written in The Analects
- censors
- Roman magistrates who registered citizens according to their wealth
- Wu Di
- the longest-ruling Han emperor who established a capital at Changan, established the Pax Sinica
- Novgorod
- important trade center that provided a link between northern Europe and Asia, one of the oldest cities in Russia
- helots
- social group in Sparta consisting of slaves
- Babur
- descendent of Timur who conquered Delhi
- Constantine
- became sole emperor in 324, known for protection of Christianity and the relocation of the capital to Byzantium
- Sargon I
- most powerful Akkadian king, ruled from 2350-2300 BC
- metic
- person living in Athens who was not an Athenian citizen
- imams
- spiritual leaders of Shi'ah Islam, said to be direct descendents of Muhammad
- Cyrus
- Persian ruler who successfully rebelled against the Medes
- archons
- elected rulers in the early government of Athens
- Themistocles
- Athenian leader who evacuated Athens and eventually defeated the Persians at the Strait of Salamis
- colonus
- Roman tenant farmer
- Ganges River
- major river in India, center of Indian civilizations by the 600s B.C.
- Phidias
- Greek sculptor who created two statues of Athena that were on the Acropolis and in the Parthenon
- Vindhya Range
- separated southern part of India, remained culturally different
- Ivan III
- Russian leader from Moscow who overthrew the Mogols; called "Ivan the Great"
- Commodus
- Marcus Aurelius' weak spoiled son who was named successor
- caliph
- Islamic title meaning "successor to the prophet"
- Pravda Russkaia
- the first Russian law code
- Ptolemy
- scientist from Alexandria who wrote theories on astronomy
- Epicurus
- founder of Epicurean philosophy, believed the aim of life was to avoid pain
- Romulus
- mythical founder of Rome, killed his brother
- Herodotus
- father of history, sought to distinguish between stories and truth
- Nero
- cruel emperor who may have been responsible for the burning of Rome, committed suicide by slitting his throat
- Aryabhata
- mathematician who computed the value of pi
- Ramses II
- powerful pharoah who kept Egypt together during invasion
- hubris
- excessive pride in one's self; often seen in heroes of Greek dramas
- Abu Bakr
- the first caliph, one of Muhammad's closest friends
- Laozi
- influential teacher in ancient China, founded Daoism
- division of labor
- characteristic of civilization in which different people perform different jobs
- Dorians
- primitive Greeks who rose after the fall of the Mycenaeans
- Draco
- Greek ruler who wrote down laws in 621 BC, said to be cruel
- Seville
- capital of Spain under Muslim rule
- Thermopylae
- battle site where the 300 spartans faced the Persian army
- Amenhotep IV
- pharoah who attempted to bring about social and religious revolution
- praetors
- military commanders and overseers of the legal system in early Rome
- Indo-Aryans
- Indo-European tribes who migrated to India
- Yaroslav the Wise
- wrote the "Pravda Russkaia", the first Russian law code
- Marius
- elected consul in 107 BC, revolutionized the army with universal recruitment and booty
- plebeians
- ciizens of Rome not of the aristocratic class
- suttee
- Indian ritual in which a widow commits suicide after the death of her husband
- ephor
- one of five rulers or overseers elected by the assembly in Sparta
- Hannibal
- Carthaginian general who marched across the Alps, initiating the Second Punic War
- Demosthenes
- an orator in Athens who led teh opposition to Philip
- Hipparchus
- Greek mathematician who used trigonometry systematically and calculated the length of a year
- Aeschylus
- Greek playwright, wrote about the murder of Agamemnon
- Chandragupta Maurya
- a powerful young adventurer who gave rise to a new kingdom in India
- hoplite
- member of a group of heavily armed Greek infantry that usually fought in the phalanx formation
- Agra
- site of teh Taj Mahal
- cultural diffusion
- spread of culture from one area of the world to another
- Mahabarata
- an epic about a great civil war in northern India
- Shi Huangdi
- founder of the Qin Dynasty whose name means "first emperor"
- mosques
- Muslim centers of worship
- Al-Razi
- physician in Baghdad in the early 900s, wrote on small pox and other diseases
- patricians
- powerful aristocratic class that controlled Roman government and society
- Delhi
- important city to the Mughals during their rule in India
- Pyrrho
- founder of Skepticism, believed that no defintie knowledge is possible
- Eratosthenes
- Greek scientist who calculated the circumference of the Earth
- Jabal Tariq
- means "Mountain of Tariq", also called the Pillars of Hercules
- Hippocrates
- Greek physician who believed that diseases came from natural causes rather than the Gods, known for his oath, which doctors today still take
- dynasty
- family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary
- indemnity
- compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it
- Shang Dynasty
- dynasty established by invaders who conquered the Xia dynasty
- Marathon
- site of legendary battle between Athens and Persia; 23.6 miles from Athens
- Marc Antony
- member of the Second Triumvirate who joined Cleopatra and was defeated by Octavian
- Euripides
- realist Greek playwright who wrote "The Trojan Women"
- Hammurabi
- great military and political leader of Babylon, established the first written laws
- consuls
- chief executives in early Rome who ran the government and served as army commanders
- Bosporus
- narrow straits in Turkey that act as a gateway between the eastern and western ancient world
- Constantinople
- ancient city in the European part of Turkey, capital of the Byzantine Empire (after the emperor changed the name)
- Zoroaster
- religious reformer in Persia, established a new religion, named after him
- Sulla
- elected consul in 88 BC, attacked Rome, dictator from 82-79 BC, died peacefully on a farm
- the Vedas
- the great literature of Indo-Aryan religion
- Tutankhamen
- the boy pharoah who succeeded Akhenaton
- collegia
- workers' trade assosciations in ancient Rome
- Varuna
- Indo-Aryan god of cosmic order and the sky
- Cleisthenes
- Greek ruler who established democracy in 508 BC
- boyars
- members of the social class of nobles in Kievan Russia
- Akbar
- leader of the Mughal Empire, brought the Rajputs under control
- Muhammad
- holy prophet of Islam, recieved the Qur'an from the angel Jibreel
- Diogenes
- a Greek Cynic who taught that people should live according to nature
- Attila
- leader of the Huns, defeated at Chalons-Sur-Marne
- Xerxes
- son of Darius, ruler of Persia, finished war with the Greeks
- czar
- Russian word for Caesar
- Hadrian
- emperor who built a wall across the middle of Britain
- Zeno
- established Stoic philosophy, believed divine reason controlled the world
- Mecca
- city that is the center of Muslim faith
- Cyril and Methodius
- missionary brothers who converted slavs to Christianity
- Darius
- father of Xerxes, ruler of Persia, began war with the Greeks
- equites
- class of Roman business and land-owning people who had wealth and political power
- Vladimir I
- Russian leader who invited representatives of different religions to convert people
- Tigris and Euphrates
- rivers in southwestern Asia, site of early civilization
- Cleopatra
- given the throne in Egypt by Caesar
- caliphates
- three divisions of the Muslim Empire at Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba
- Athena
- goddess of wisdom in Greek culture
- Minoans
- powerful civilization on Crete during the time of Greece
- Theodora
- Justinian's wife, improved the status of women in Byzantine society
- Qur'an
- holy book of Islam (Muslim spelling)
- Upanishads
- philosophical explanations of the Vedic religion
- Solon
- became Athenian archon in 594 BC and is known for political and social reform
- Romulus Augustulus
- the last emperor in the western Roman Empire; overthrown in 476
- Pax Romana
- period of Roman peace from the beginning of Augustus's reign until the death fo Marcus Aurelius
- Bhagavad Gita
- the last 18 chapters of the Mahabarata, the most important sections of the epics
- Plato
- Socrates' pupil, founded the Academy, advocated a government run by thinkers
- Dynastic Cycle
- cycle in China of founding, expansion, regression, and collapse of ruling families