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Terms
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- in the concerto, twofold statement of the themes, once by the orchestra and once by the soloist
- • Double exposition
- equivalent to Roman Catholic congregational hymn; consisted of 4-partwriting, in which the Lutheran melody remained in the soprano voice, while other voices provided harmonic support
- • Lutheran chorale
- Early folk instrument that resemble the psaltery; its strings are struck with hammer instead of being plucked.
- • Dulcimer
- melodic decoration, either improvised or indicated through ornamentation signs in the music
- • Ornamentation
- see notes
- • Italian Madrigal
- A medieval term describing all those notes in use at the time that are not to be found on the Guidonian hand.
- Musica ficta
- lyric song in ternary or A-B-A from
- • Da capo aria
- Medieval poet-musicians in southern France.
- • Troubadours
- short, recurring instrumental passage found in both the aria and the Baroque concerto
- • Ritornello form
- French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry.
- • Chanson
- lively French Baroque dance type in duple meter
- • Bourree
- set of 4-7 instruments that were built so that one uniform timbre was available
- • Consort
- work or movement based on a single theme, first heard in tonic key and then in a contrasting key
- • Monothematic
- fairly large groups of singers who perform together, usually with several on each part
- • Chorus
- a style of organum characterize by the tenor singing the cantus firmus in long notes while the upper voice moved freely and quickly
- • Organal style
- fourth item of the Mass Proper, sung in a melismatic style and performed in a responsorial manner in which soloists alternate with a choir; takes its term from Latin word "step", applied to certain singing portion of the psalm
- • Gradual
- A type of text-setting where the words are streched over a series of notes
- • Melismatic
- Song structure in which the same music is repeated with every stanza (strophe) of the poem.
- • Strophic form
- A short song, melody, or tune, with or without words
- • Air
- Baroque concerto type based on the opposition between a small group of solo instrument (the concertino) and orchestra (the ripeno)
- • Concerto grosso
- Singing, especially in Gregorian chant, in which a soloist or a group of soloists alternates with the choir.
- • Responsorial singing
- compositional procedure in which a theme is state and then altered in successive statements; occurs as an independent piece or as a movement of a multimovement cycle
- • Theme and variations
- composition in A-B-A form, usually in triple meter; replaced the minute and trio in 19th century
- • Scherzo
- a stately dance, probably for couples, characterized by elaborate body movements
- • Estampie
- Polyphonic musical style. Usually French, form the period 1160-1320.
- • Ars antique
- The English madrigal made frequent use of a refrain, often sung to nonsense syllables such as "fa-la", and resulted in the English madrigal being known as "Fa- La"
- • Nonsense syllables
- multimovement work made up of a series of contrasting g dance movements, generally all in the same key
- • Suite
- Music written for a single melodic line
- • Monophonic texture
- ensemble music for up to about 10 players, with one player to a part
- • Chamber music
- Medieval plucked- string instrument similar to the modern zither, consisting of a sound box over which strings were stretched.
- • Psaltery
- vocal style established in the Baroque, with a solo singer (s) and instrumental accompaniment
- • Monody
- a three or four movement structure used in Classical-era instrumental music - especially the symphony, sonata, concerto- and in chamber music; each movement is in a prescribed tempo and form
- • Sonata-cycle
- music drama that is generally sung throughout, combining the resources of vocal and instrumental music with poetry and drama, acting and pantomime, scenery and costumes
- • Opera
- the opening movement of the multimovement cycle, consisting of themes that are stated in the first section (exposition), developed in the second section (development) and restated in the third section (recapitulation)
- • Sonata- allegro form
- Two or more texts set simultaneously in a vocal composition, common in the medieval motet.
- • Polytextual
- type of polyphonic composition in which one musical line strictly imitates another at fixed distance throughout
- • Canon
- lyric song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, generally expressing intense emotion
- • Aria
- Medieval Latin-texted secular song, often with corrupt or lewd lyrics; associated with wandering scholars.
- • Goliards
- Sustained sounding of one or several tones for harmonic support, a common feature of some folk music.
- • Drone
- an ABA form (A= minuet, B = trio) in a moderate triple meter, often 3rd movement of Classical multimovement cycle
- • Minuet and trio
- Wing instrument in which air is fed to the pipes by mechanical means; the pipes are controlled by two or more keyboards and a set of pedals.
- • Organs
- Medieval and Renaissance fixed poetic form and chanson type with French courtly texts.
- • Virelai
- country dance of British Isles, often in a lively triple meter; optional dance movement of solo and orchestral Baroque suite; a type of duple meter hornpipe is still popular in Iris traditional dance music
- • Hornpipe
- recitative singing style that features a sparse accompaniment and moves with great freedom (declamatory ,(speech like) singing style accompanied by continuo only)
- • Recitative secco
- German "sensitive style" of the mid 18th century, characterized by melodic directness and homophonic texture (C.W. Gluck)
- • Empfindsamkeit
- Medieval and Renaissance fixed poetic form and chanson type with courtly love texts.
- • Rondeau
- A polyphonic composition performed as a musical alternative to the original plainchant passage that it is intended to replace.
- • Clausula
- Melodic decoration either improvised or indicated through ornamentation signs in the music.
- • Embellishment
- musical form in which the first section recurs, usually in the tonic. IN the Classical multimovement cycle, it appears as the last movement in various forms, including ABABA, ABACA, ABACABA
- • Rondo
- transitional passage connecting two sections of a composition
- • Bridge
- Choral music performed without instrumental accompaniment.
- • A cappella
- A short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or a section of one.
- • Ostinato
- Melodic idea presented in one voice and then restated in another, each part continuing as others enter.
- • Imitation
- French Baroque dance, a standard movement of the suite, in triple meter at a moderate tempo
- • Courante
- compositional form with two sections, in which the second ends with a return to material from the first, each sections is usually repeated
- • Rounded binary
- German dance in moderate duple time, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods; often the first movement of a Baroque suite.
- • Allemande
- variations of a dance in a French keyboard suite.
- • Double
- large work for orchestra, generally in three of four movement
- • Symphony
- polyphonic texture popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint
- • Fugal texture
- In poetry, a group of lines constituting a unit. IN liturgical music for the Catholic Church, a phrase from the Scripture that alternates with the response.
- • Verse
- " storm and stress"; late 18th century movement in Germany toward more emotional expression in the arts
- • Sturm und Drang
- the larger of the two ensembles s in the Baroque concerto grosso
- • Ripieno
- Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that vary from day to day throughout the church year according to the particular liturgical occasion, as distinct from the Ordinary, in which they remain the same
- • Proper
- Musical pictorialization of words from the text as an expressive device.
- • Word Painting
- Medieval poet- musician in northern France.
- • Trouveres
- style of organum that includes a plainchant tenor part, with a "note against (style of organum characterized by the tenor singing the cantus firmus in faster moving rhythms, thus resembling more closely the rhythmic movement of the newly- composed vocal part)
- • Discant style
- text or script of an opera prepared by a librettist
- • Libretto
- Short choral answer to solo verse; an element of liturgical dialogue.
- • Response
- tragic Italian opera
- • Opera seria
- French monophonic or polyphonic song, especially of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, set to either courtly or popular poetry.
- • Chanson
- 14th century French polyphonic musical style whose themes moved increasingly from religious to secular. (also a treaties by Philippe De Vitry)
- • Ars Nova
- a composition that shows off a specific instrument (or instruments) with the orchestra used as accompaniment.
- • Solo concerto
- instrumental genre in several movements for soloist or small ensemble
- Sonata
- short Baroque organ piece in which a traditional chorale melody is embellished
- Chorale prelude
- A french term for a collection of dances.
- • Order
- Central service of the Roman Catholic Church.
- • Mass
- see notes
- • Opera Reform
- the compositional procedure of altering a pre-existing musical idea
- Variations
- short instrumental work, found in Baroque opera, to facilitate scene changes
- • Sinfonia
- Earliest kind of polyphonic music, which developed from the custom of adding voices above a plainchant; they first ran parallel to it at the interval of a fifth or fourth later moved more freely.
- • Organum
- Late medieval German poet-musicians.
- • Minnesingers
- stately Spanish Baroque dance type in triple meter, a standard movement of the Baroque suite
- • Sarabande
- popular English Baroque dance type, a standard movement of the baroque suite, in a lively compound meter
- • Gigue
- virtuosic solo passage in the manner of an improvisation, performed near the end of an aria or a movement of a concerto
- • Cadenza
- accompanied solo vocal declamation that follows the inflections of the text; often resulting a in disjunct vocal style ( a declamatory (speech - like) singing style accompanied by orchestra)
- • Recitative accompagnato
- French poetic form and chanson type of the Middle Ages and Renaissance with courtly love texts. Also a Romantic genre, especially a lyric piano piece.
- • Ballade
- Medieval bowed- string instrument, the ancestor of the violin.
- • Vielle
- Lively Renaissance "round dance," associated with the outdoors, in which the participants danced in a circle or a line.
- • Ronde
- duple meter Baroque dance type of a pastoral character
- • Gavotte
- Use of notes not in the basic scale of a composition or passage. Harmonic style frequently using such notes
- • Chromaticism
- Two or more melodic lines combined into a mulitvoiced texture, as distinct from monophonic.
- • Polyphonic texture
- /
- • Taille
- "Fixed melody," usually of very long notes, often based on a fragment of Gregorian chant that served as the structural basis for a polyphonic composition, particularly in the Renaissance.
- • Cantus firmus
- a composition that shows off a specific instrument (or instruments) with the orchestra used as accompaniment.
- • Concerto
- Creation of a musical composition while is it being performed, seen in Baroque ornamentation, cadenzas of concertos, jazz and some non- Western music.
- • Improvisation
- Medieval wandering entertainers, who played instruments, sang and danced, juggled, and performed plays.
- • Jongleurs
- Baroque style developed by Monteverdi, which introduced novel effects such as rapid repeated notes as symbols of passion
- • Stile concitato
- a repeating melody, usually in the bass or the lower voice, while the upper voices pursue their independent lines; with each repetition aspects of melody, harmony/rhythm is changed
- • Ground bass
- used in Mighty Fortress
- • Oboe da caccia
- Two-part (A-B) form with each section normally repeated. Also two-part form.
- • Binary form
- German dance in moderate duple time, popular during the Renaissance and Baroque periods; often the first movement of a Baroque suite
- • Allemande
- Sections of the Roman Catholic Mass that remain the same from day to day throughout the church year, as distinct from the Proper, which changes daily according to the liturgical occasion.
- • Ordinary
- used in Mighty Fortress
- • Oboe d'amore
- Italian comic opera, sung through
- • Opera buffa
- The name given to the Gregorian Chant in modern times. It is the earliest surviving styles of music from Western Europe. It featured monophonic texture and conjunct melodies.
- • Gregorian chant (plainchant/plainsong)
- a dramatic recitative style of the Baroque period in which melodies moved freely over a foundation of simple chords
- • Stile rappresentativo
- Polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages, but sacred or devotional thereafter.
- • Motet
- solo group of instrument t in the Baroque concerto grosso
- • Concertino
- the last part of a pieces, usually added to a standard form to bring it to a close
- • Coda
- large- scale dramatic genre originating in the Baroque, based on a text of religious or serious character, performed by solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, similar to opera but without h scenery, costumes or action
- • Oratorio