anthro final
Terms
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- Characteristics of Intensive Agriculural Economies (5)
- use of plow, irrigation systems, filling of swamp land or building of earth piles, heavy investment in agricultural labor and infastructure, settlement in sedentary communities
- Results of the use of integrated techniques of production (7)
- Agricultural surplus, child labor and larger familiers, skyrocketing population and need for new territory, individual ownership of land, need for the redistribution of agricultural surpluses, concentration of land in the hands of a few, apperance of full time specialists
- Characteristics of industrial agriculture (8)
- increased use of complex technologies for food production, replacement of human labor with machine labor, increased use of fossil fuels, increased influence of state agencies in farmwork, economic competition, specialization of crop production, overproduction, partnership between farmers and corporations
- Kula Exchange
- Ceremonial trade of valued objects practiced by people in the Trobriand Islands
- souleva
- red-shell necklaces, traveled in a clockwise directions in Kula trade
- nwali
- white shelled armbands. traveled in a counter-clockwise direction in the Kula trade
- Branislaw Malinowski
- studied the Kula trade and said in created ceromonial ties among trading partners
- Annette Weiner
- Studied Kula trade and recognized \"kitomus\" or royal shells of armbands and necklaces which were more like money
- Potlach
- example of chiefdom redistribution found amoung the native americans of the northwest coast. Studied by franz boas and ruth benedict. In a potlach, cheifs gave away large quantites of goods and resources in a highly wasteful manner. the more gifts that were given away or destroyed by a chief, the higher he status became. was primarly a measure of residtribution
- Kinship
- patterned social relationships or ties. based on consanguinity (blood), affinity (marriage), and other arbitrary criteria
- prinsiple of consanguinity
- examines the kin ties of an individual or group of people from the point of view of the sharing of blood or sexual intercorse such as husband and wife
- descent patterns (4)
- unilineal, double or bilineal, ambilineal or cognative, and parallel kinship
- unilineal descent
- traces kin relations or ties strictly from the mother\'s side of father\'s side but not both
- double descent
- traces kin ties through both the father\'s line and mother\'s line
- Ambilineal descent
- traces his or her descent from either that matrilineal kin group or patrilineal kin group
- parallel kinship descent
- males trace kin ties from male ancestors and females trace kine ties from female ancestors
- lineage
- a unilineal, corporate descent kinship system whose member trace their decent from a known common ancestor, or demonstrate genealogical linkages to a common known ancestor
- kinship relationships (7)
- lineages, clans (kindren, totemin or corporate), Phratry Kinship, moiety kinship, fictive or non-descent groups, joking relationship kinship groups, avoidance relationship
- Clans, kindred, totemic, or corporate decent groups
- a unilineal descent group whose members trace their descent from a common ancestor whose name is not known, or the links to whom are not specified. are much mose loosely structures than lineage
- Phratry kinship group
- a conglomeration of clans whose members feel that they are closely related
- Moiety Kinship groups
- a composite of 2 unilineal descent groups whose members live side by side, reciprocally helping one another
- fictive or non-descent groups
- recognizes the arbitrary assignment of members into a kinship group, and which does not respect consanguinity and affinity in the assignment of member to kinship structures. example: groups with adoptive individuals, age group members, church group members
- Joking relationship kinship group
- groups with a joking relationship between sets of relatives. joking in the form of flirtation, sexual innuendoes and explicit sexual remarks
- avoidance relationship kinship groups
- groups practice relationships of avoidance or respect. for example: son-in-law avoids mother-in-law
- neolocal residence
- residence pattern in which a newly marries couple choose their own dwelling which may of may not be near either set of parents
- patrilocal or virilocal residence
- residence pattern in which a woman goes to live with her husband\'s family after marriage
- Matrilocal, or Uxorilocal residence
- residence pattern in which a man lives with his wife\'s family after marriage.
- Avunculocal residence
- married couples live with or near the husband\'s mother\'s brother.
- bilocal residence
- residence pattern in which a married couple live amoung the family members of the husband sometimes and also live amoung the family members if the wife for someome time.
- Ambilocal residence
- a post-marital residence pattern in which the married couple has a choice of living with or nea either set of parents
- cuolocal residence
- residence pattern in which the husband and wife live with their respective kin and apart from one another.
- hawaiian kinship module
- all females of one generation are called the same term and all males of the same generation are called the same term. so all females is a childs generation are called sister. all brother\'s in a father\'s generation are called father
- Eskime or Inuit kinship module
- simular to our own naming systerm. separate terms from mother, father, sister, brother. the siblings of one;s parents are distinguished by gender and given the same name, regardless of whether they are related through one\'s mother or one\'s father
- Iroquois kinship module
- parallel cousins always have differnt terms than those of cross cousins
- Omaha kinship module
- same term is used for father, father\'s borther and mother and mother\'s sisters and mother\'s brother\'s daughter. has a cross generational lumping in favor of female relatives
- crow kinship typology
- the same term is used for mother and mother\'s sister. the same term is used for father and father\'s brother and father\'s sister\'s sons. has a cross=generational lumping in favor of male relatives.
- sudanese kinship module
- different descriptive terms are used for each relative in the kinship universe. no lumping of individuals. uses a different term for each individual or relative.
- Incest Taboo
- a rule prohibiting marital and sexual relations between people of certain relations of from certain social groups. Universally prohibits mating between those in the nuclear family
- criteria for choosing marital partners (5)
- romantic ability, moral rectitude, class or social status, fertility and economic independence
- individual criteria for choosing marital partners
- similarity of spouse to the most signifigant person, proximity or accessibility, inaccessibility of spouse to the seeker\'s residence, congruence in physical or behavioral characteristics, and lack of conguence in physical and behavioral characteristics
- types of marriage (13)
- monogamous, polygamous, polygyny, sororal polygyny, polyandry, fraternal polyandry, levirate, sororate, marriage by inheritance, same sex marriage, ghost marriage, simpua marriage, forced marriage or marriage by capture,
- monogamous marriage
- marital pattern in which one individual gets married to one spouse at a time in his or her life
- polygamous marriage
- a marital pattern in which one individual get married to more than one spouse at a given time in his or her life
- polygyny
- polugamous marriage in which one man get married to more that one wife
- sororal polygyny
- an arrangement permitting one man to get married to several sisters
- polyandry
- marital relationship in which one woman gets married to a group of males
- fraternal polyandry
- marital pattern in which one woman gets married to a group of brothers
- levirate marriage
- marital pattern in which a widow is expected ti get married to her husband\'s brother
- sororate marriage
- marital pattern in which a widower is expected to get married to one of his deceased wife\'s sisters
- marriage by inheritance
- marital pattern in chich the successor of an individual (typically the eldest son) takes over his wife or wives
- same sex marriage
- marital pattern in which an individual get married to another individual of his or her own sex
- ghost marriage
- marriages in which an individual gets married to the shost or spirit of a deceased person
- simpua marriage
- marital pattern in which a young girl is adopted and raised by the family members of her future husband
- forced marriage or marriage by capture
- a marriage in which one individual is forced to get married to another individual
- bride service
- work done by the husband for the wife\'s family in a specific perios of time
- bride wealth
- cash or goods given by the droom\'s kin to the bride\'s kin
- dowry
- the presentation of goods made by the bride\'s family members to the bride and bridegroom
- female exchange
- custom whereby a sister of the female relative of the groom is exchanged for the bride
- indirect dowry
- payment provided by the brides family members to the bride. but the payment originated from the groom\'s family members
- patrilocal
- a woman goes to live with her husband\'s family
- matrilocal
- husband lives with his wife\'s family
- avunculocal
- married coupld lives with the husband\'s mother\'s brother
- duolocal
- husband and wife live with their respective families, apart from one another
- divorce
- many traditional societies make efforts to reduce or prevent divorce by: involving many family members in the marital process and dividing the bride wealth to the bride\'s family member but enforcing the rule that to divorce a bridegroom must get back the bride wealth he paid for the bride
- suttee
- the practice of wife strangling among indians. the wife strangles herself after her husband\'s death
- loloku
- wife strangling among the figians
- inheritance patterns (3)
- primogeniture, ultimo geniture, and individual\'s will
- primogeniture
- arrangement which permits the oldest child of a deceased males individual to inherit the most of all of his property including his wives.
- Ultimo geniture
- arrangement which permits the youngest child of a deceased male to inherit most or all of his property.
- Individuals will
- property distribution is predetermined by the individual in a will written before death
- gender
- gender is differnt from sex becuase it is culturally constructed
- georgia
- sexual relations between adult homosexuals was a crime punishable by imprisonment until 2003
- Vermont
- first state to legally recognize a civil union between homosexuals so long as they do not call it a marriage
- new hampshire
- first state to install a gay priest as a bishop of the anglican church
- canada
- in 2003 the supreme court made an official decision to allow homosexual marriages
- massachusetts
- first state in the US to legalize same sex marriages
- Hijras
- indian third sex
- two-spirits
- among native americans a person who is biologically male or female but assume social and economic roles other than the roles usually associated with their sex
- how native americans became two-spirits
- personal incliination, parental selection or spiritual calling
- economic duties of two spirits
- female two spirits were hunter, trappers and warriors. male two spirits were farmers and domestice servants. compared with other members of their society, they were unusually prosperous. they were also know for cleansing the sick, keeping secrets, naming new born children and dancing during offical ceremonies
- scienceism
- uses scientific method in investigate social and natural phenomena, uses deductive method, uses ethnographic research, uses inductive method, uses cross-cultural perspective, employs the emic and atic perspective
- ethnographic
- participant research, fieldwork
- emic
- insider approach
- etic
- outsider approach
- physical anthropology sub-fields (5)
- descriptive morphology (measuring bones), paleontology or paleoanthropology (fossils), human variations (physiological differences), orimatology (primates), ethology (primates in natural setting)
- classifications of culture
- material, explicit, overt, non-normative, or non-cognitive and non-material, implicit, covert, cogvitive, or normative culture
- material, explicit, overt, non-normative, or non-cognative culture
- the physical products of human society
- non-material, implicit, covert, cognative, or normative culture
- the intangible products of human society such as values beliefs, worldwievs, ideologies, norms, folkways, and mores
- Edward Tylor
- \"father of anthropology\" \"culture is that complex whole wich includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acqired by man, as a member of society\" culture ihas holism and includes everything. culture must be larned and shared. tylor believed that different societies have culture is different degrees.
- Bowwow theory
- language started when humans started mimicking the sounds of nature
- ding dong theory
- language started when people started making sounds that were related to the ideas or behavior they represented
- Call Systems theory
- Charles F. Hockette, most widely accepted, evolved in 3 stages (single vocalization, blending and duality of pattern phase)
- Apollonian personality
- pueblo indians, rarely induldent in violence, drugs, alcohol to transcend their senses
- Dionysian personality
- plain indians, involved in warfare and violence and ritual behavior included the use of drug, alcohol, fasting and bodily self-torture to induce religious ecstasy.
- megalomaniac personality
- Kwakiutl indians, characterized by childish feelings of omnipotence
- Paranoid personality
- Dobuan indians, characterized by fear and hatred for one another.
- Balanced Reciprocity
- more direct form of reciprocal exchange that has an explicit expectation of immediate return. ex. paying correct value for goods and services.
- Generalized reciprocity
- a pattern of exchange in which an immediate return is not expected. ex. american parents paying for food, clothing and shelter.
- negative reciprocity
- the attempt to get something for nothing. ex. bargaining, haggling, gambling, cheating, theft, or the outright seizure of goods.