Unfinished Nation Chapters 1-4
Terms
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- Cahokia
- A native American trading center in the Mississippi valley near St. Louis. It had a population of 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.
- Marco Polo
- Explorer and trader who developed an overland route to the far east
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Portuguese ruler who built a school devoted to exploration. Died in 1486.
- Christopher Columbus
- Genoan explorer who sailed in service of Ferdinand and Isabella
- Queen Isabella
- Spanish queen from Castille, married to King Ferdinand of Aragon
- Vasco de Balboa
- First European to see the Pacific Ocean
- Ferdinand Magellan
- First European to circumnavigate the globe, although he died before his ships returned home
- Hernando Cortes
- Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in 1518 with smallpox and lies
- Tenochtitlan
- Capital city of the Aztecs, on what is now Mexico City, sacked in 1518
- Conquistadores
- Landless Spanish fighters and explorers who conquered and pillaged Central and South America
- Francisco Pizarro
- Conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru (1538)
- St. Augustine
- Spanish fort in Florida, established in 1565
- Santa Fé
- Spanish town in New Mexico, founded in 1609. The oldest state capital in the U.S.
- Maize
- Abundant new world crop, cultivated by the indians
- John Cabot
- Genoan who explored North America for Henry VII in 1497, looking for the northwest passage.
- Mercantilism
- Economic theory emphasizing balance of trade and limited resources in the world
- Martin Luther
- German priest who challenged the Roman Catholic church practices in 1517
- John Calvin
- Swiss theologian and developer of predestination
- Puritan Separatists
- Protestants who wanted to split away from Britain
- Québec
- French colony to the north of New England
- Henry Hudson
- English navigator who made four voyages looking for the northwest passage. Died in 1911.
- New Amsterdam
- Old New York, founded in 1624 by the Dutch East India Company
- The Spanish Armada
- Massive Spanish fleet of Philip II aimed at invading England in 1588
- Sir Humphrey Gilbert
- Raleigh's half-brother, sailed the Squirrel to colonize Newfoundland in 1583
- Sir Walter Raleigh
- Adventurer and sometime pirate, founder of Roanoke, died in 1618
- Roanoke
- Failed colony founded in 1585
- Jamestown
- First successful English town, founded in 1608
- Captain John Smith
- Adventurer who led Jamestown
- John Rolfe
- Married Pocahontas and cultivated tobacco
- The Headright System
- Grants of land donated to new settlers in the Chesapeake by the Virginia Company and the Lords Baltimore
- Virginia House of Burgesses
- The first elected government body in the British colonies
- Powhatan
- Chief of indians near Jamestown and father of Pocahontas
- Pocahontas
- Daughter of Powhatan, married to John Rolfe
- Lord Baltimore
- A Catholic British lord who founded Maryland
- 1649 Act Concerning Religion
- Assured freedom of religion in Maryland, in the face of a growing protestant population
- Sir William Berkeley
- Governor of Virginia who spurred Bacon's Rebellion
- Nathaniel Bacon
- Led a revolt against Gov. Berkeley, a clash between landed and landless
- The Scrooby Separatists
- Puritans from England who moved to Holland and then to Plymouth in 1620
- Plymouth
- Settled by pilgrims in 1620
- The Mayflower Compact
- first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed
- William Bradford
- Governor of Plymouth colony
- The Massachusetts Bay Company
- English trading company that evolved into a theocracy, organized in 1628, founded Boston
- John Winthrop
- Governor of Boston under Mass Bay Co.in 1630
- City on a Hill
- Winthrop's vision of an idealized example for the old world
- Thomas Hooker
- Founded Hartford in 1635
- Roger Williams
- Founder of Rhode Island, an anti-British separatist preacher
- Anne Hutchinson
- Notable antinomian leader who fled from Boston to Connecticut and then to New York
- The Antinomian heresy
- The belief that people cannot obtain salvation through good works -- faith alone is all that is required.
- The Pequot War
- 1637 Conflict almost wiping out the Mohegans in Connecticut
- King Philip's War
- King Philip aka Metacomet was a Wampanoag chieftain who resisted English colonization, fought the English in 1675 for 3 years
- Charles I
- Beheaded after the english Civil War in 1649
- English Civil War
- Parliament vs. King Charles
- Oliver Cromwell
- Lord Protector of England and leader of the victorious protestant faction in the English Civil War
- Charles II
- Restored King of England, son of Charles I, crowned in 1660
- Anthony Ashley Cooper
- 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and strong parlimentarian involved in civil war and restoration
- Barbados
- British-controlled islands in the Caribbean, known for exporting sugar and slaves
- James II
- The Catholic king of England, dethroned in glorious revolution
- The Society of Friends
- The quakers, a pacifist protestant denomination
- William Penn
- A quaker convert and founder of Pennsylvania
- New Mexico
- Most prosperous of all Spanish northern colonies by 1799 it had 10,000 euros
- James Oglethorpe
- Founded Georgia with the intent of creating a haven for debtors
- The Navigation Acts
- 1660 British acts restricting colonial trade to ships of British origin
- Lords of Trade
- 1675 body created to recommend imperial reform
- Dominion of New England
- James II's amalgamation of NY, MA etc. under one governor
- Sir Edmund Andros
- Unpopular royal governor of New England
- William and Mary
- The protestant power couple brought in to replace the Catholic king of England in 1688
- The Glorious Revolution
- The bloodless replacement of King James II with William and Mary in 1688
- Jacob Leisler
- Dutch merchantman who revolted against the British governor of New York
- Cavaliers
- Supporters of the king
- Roundheads
- Protestant supporters of parliament
- Indentured Servitude
- 5 years of slavery in exchange for a ticket and some clothing
- The Middle Passage
- The long journey of slaves from Africa to the new world
- Slave Codes
- Early 18th c. laws granting white masters absolute authority over black slaves
- Huguenots
- French protestants (Calvinists) many settling in America after the Edict of Nantes revocation in 1685
- Pennsylvania Dutch
- German farmers settled in Pennsylvania
- Saugus works
- First ironworks in the States, a business failure.
- Peter Hasenclever
- Ran the first successful ironworks in the States, founded in 1764
- triangular trade
- simplification of rum, slaves, sugar trade network
- Stono Rebellion
- Failed 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina
- Town Meeting
- Primary form of local government in New England, held in churches
- Primogeniture
- First son gets it all
- Salem Witch Trials
- 1692 trials and chaos
- Jeremiads
- Sermons deploring the drop in piety
- Declension
- A perceived waning of piety, due in part to migration etc
- The Great Awakening
- Religious revival reaching its peak in 1740
- John and Charles Wesley
- Founders of Methodism, visited Georgia in 1730s
- Jonathan Edwards
- Terrifying Great Awakening preacher from Northampton
- New Lights
- Great Awakening era Revivalists
- Old Lights
- Great Awakening era traditionalists
- The Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement celebrating rational thought and natural laws
- Poor Richard's Almanac
- America's most famous almanac, written by Ben Franklin
- Harvard College
- College founded in 1636 Cambridge, MA by Puritans
- William and Mary College
- College established in 1693 Williamsburg, VA by Anglicans
- Royal Society of London
- The leading British scientific organization of the enlightenment
- Benjamin Franklin
- Preminent statesman and enlightenment scientist of America
- John Peter Zenger
- His 1734 trial in NY ruled that factually true criticisms about government were not libel
- The Albany Plan
- Ben Franklin proposed a system of general govt to conduct relations with Indians--shot down
- Iroquois Confederacy
- A strong union of 5 major tribes in the central Northeast (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida)
- Fort Necessity
- Geo. Washington's stockade in the Ohio valley, staging ground for Virginian attack on French, the beginning of the French & Indian War
- James Wolfe
- Captured Quebec (but died there) in a sneak attack of 1759
- King George III
- Crowned in 1760, assertive and not-too-bright, destablized govt
- The Proclamation of 1763
- Set Appalachians as a the limit for western expansion
- The Currency Act of 1764
- Banned colonial assemblies from issuing paper money
- Patrick Henry
- Pushed the Virginia Resolves
- Sons of Liberty
- Patriotic Boston thugs
- Charles Townshend
- Chancellor of exchequer enforced Mutiny Act & established boards of customs
- Samuel Adams
- Brewer and Patriot and inflammatory writer
- Virtual and Actual Representation
- Direct rep via vote versus grander idealized version
- The Boston Tea Party
- Bostonians heaved tea into the harbor to prevent it from being sold
- Minutemen
- American militia ready to fight on a minute's notice
- Seven Years' War
- Called the French and Indian War by colonial Americans, it ended in 1763.
- The Treaty of Utrecht
- Brought Queen Anne's war to a close, transferred land to British
- Fort Duquesne
- Pittsburgh-located French military fort in Ohio Valley
- Quebec
- Handed over to English as part of the Peace of Paris
- George Grenville
- George III's prime minister, believed in enforcing laws in colonies
- The Mutiny Act of 1765
- Act requiring colonists to help provision and maintain the English armu
- The Stamp Act of 1765
- Act placing a tax on every colonial printed document
- Virginia Resolves
- Resolutions asserting the rights of Americans as Englishmen, in response to the Stamp Act
- The Sugar Act of 1764
- Act that raised duty on sugar, lowered duty on molasses & established vice-admiralty courts in America to try smugglers
- Thomas Hutchinson
- Governor of Massachusetts, his house was sacked in 1765 by a stamp act mob
- Townshend Duties
- Duties on lead, paper, paint and tea
- Committee of Correspondence
- Proposed by Sam Adams to publicize grievances against England (1772)
- The Tea Act of 1773
- Act giving British East India Co permission to export tea directly to colonies (1773)
- The Coercive Acts of 1774
- Punitive acts closing Boston harbor, quartering troops, etc. (1774)
- General Thomas Gage
- British commander of the military in America, also governor of Massachusetts
- Creoles
- White immigrants of French descent
- George Washington
- Rookie leader at Fort Necessity
- impressment
- The forcible enlistment of colonists into the British army, for the 7 years war
- Peace of Paris
- The 1763 accord ending the 7 years war and giving French territory to England
- Pontiac
- Ottawa tribal chieftain whose attacks hastened the Proclamation of 1763
- The Paxton Boys
- Pennsylvania frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and support against the indians
- James Otis
- Arranged for the intercolonial Stamp Act Congress
- Declaratory Act
- Act asserting British authority to tax America, in the wake of Stamp Act repeal
- Boston Massacre
- Hassled soldiers shoot and kill 5 Bostonians
- Gaspée
- British revenue schooner boarded and sunk by Rhode Island colonists
- Daughters of Liberty
- Sewing circles to augment now-scarce finished goods
- 1st Continental Congress
- Delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) convened in Philadelphia to address the Intolerable Acts in September of 1774
- Lexington and Concord
- Immediate trigger that started the War of Independence
- Paul Revere
- Boston silversmith with a famous horseride, who was also created inflammatory political illustrations
- William Dawes
- A Son of Liberty who rode with Revere to warn Lexington and Concord