aanisah1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Federal Republic
- a system where power is shared between national govt. & the states
- Napolean Reforms France
- He strengthened the central government. Order, security, & efficiency became the new slogan of the new regime.
- Greco Roman Culture
- a mix of Greek, Roman, & Hellenistic culture
- monotheistic
- the belief in one God ex. 1. Judaism 2. Islam 3. Christianity
- Communism
- a form of socialism
- John K.
- invented the flying shuttle
- Continental System
- closed European ports to British goods. Used to hurt Britain's economy.
- Judeo Christian Tradition
- a mix of Judaism & Christianity. foundation of western civilization. moral and ethical principle guide all decision making. "all equal before the eyes of God."
- Agricultural Revolution
- Began in Britain. Cause of the Industrial Revolution. changes to farming ex. crop rotation & seed drill > less need for farmers > enclosure begins> urbanization
- Joseph II
- King of Australia, ruled with absolute monarchy, known to extend rights & basic freedom, religious toleration, & ended slavery in his religion
- Robert Owen
- Utopianist. Built his own community in Scotland, with no rich,& no poor, no child labor. Encouraged the labor unions.
- Robespierre
- well-known Jacobin. > leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Believed that France could become a republic through violence and terror> The Reign of Terror.
- Thomas Hobbes
- Pessimistic. Believed that people were born cruel, greedy, and selfish, if not taught different they would rob& fight. Best govt. = absolute monarchy
- monarchy
- oldest form of government where a king, or queen, rules. Hereditary.
- Van Gough
- used sharp brush strokes & bold colors
- Dynamo
- machine that generates electricity. created by Michael Faraday
- Thomas Newcomen
- creates the first steam engine
- feudalism
- social structure of the middle ages - king - greater lord - lesser lord - knight - serfs -commons
- Montesquieu
- Developed 3 branches of govt., was a strong supporter of separation of powers. Wrote the Spirit of Laws.
- Karl Marx
- Wrote the Communist Manifesto. Believed there was a struggle between social classes; Proletariat vs. Working Class. Believed that the workers would take control of the means of production & set up a classless, communist society that would end the struggles, and that wealth & power would be shared equally.
- Beethoven
- a romantic composer, he used his music to create emotion.
- Social Darwinism
- idea that certain societies were superior to others. Europeans & American claim that the success of the Western civilization was due to the supremecy of the white race.
- Thomas Malthus
- Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, which said that poverty was unavoidable. Laissez faire economist.
- Natural Rights
- Rights to life, liberty, & property, that someone is born with.
- Urban Renewal
- to improve a city
- Popular Sovereignty
- idea that people of an area decide the rules
- Post-Impression
- sometimes experienced w/ tiny dots to form large images
- ethics
- moral standards of behavior
- Tennis Court Oath
- When the 3rd estate declares themselves as the National Assembly, and that they will create the first constitution.
- Habeas Corpus
- the right to a fair trial
- tyrant
- ruler who gains power by force.
- Philosophes
- French philosophers, who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of govt., law, & society.
- Napolean
- Ruler of France & Europe. Set up a 3 man governing board called the Consulate. Names himself Counsil for Life> Crowns himself Emperor. Held a plebiscite by ballot.
- Richard Arkwrights
- invented the water frame
- Rococo Art
- simple, light, elegant, charming, LOTS OF PASTELS
- Enlightened Despot
- a leader who tries to bring about social/political change
- Germ Theory
- the idea that microbes might be responsible for causing disease.
- Assembly Line
- workers assemble/add parts to products moving along the belt. Faster/cheaper.
- Nationalism
- the pride & devotion for one's country
- Joseph Lister
- Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection.
- Estates General Meeting
- meeting for 3 estates. each estate had one vote.
- Women's Suffrage
- women's right to vote.
- Congress of Vienna
- 10 month meeting with the goal of restoring pece and stability through out Europe.
- Lord Byron
- British romantic writer
- John Locke
- Optimistic. Believed that people were born reasonable & moral, and they had natural rights. Best govt. = democracy.
- Diderot
- edited the encyclopedia with articles on human nature, knowledge, & ideas of philosophy & religion > The French Govt. sought to ban the book, and the Church threatened excommunication to Catholics who read it > Can't practice> Can't go to heaven.
- Urbanization
- to move from the country to the city
- Stock
- shares of a corporation or business.
- The Reign of Terror
- Led by Robespierre. 1793-1794. About 17,000 were killed. > ends w/ death of Robespierre. > ends Radical phase.
- Jacques Necker
- financial advisor hired by king> fired when proposing taxation on the clergy and nobility> violence starts.
- Realism
- an artistic movement that focused on the harsh of city living ex. Oliver Twist & Charles Dickens
- James Hargreaves
- invented the spinning jenny
- Corporations
- a company, or business that is owned by many investors
- John Dalton
- discovered the atomic theory, or the idea that everything was made up of atoms
- Solon's Reform
- cancelled all debts, outlawed slavery, which established 4 social classes -based on wealth- but only first 3 classes could hold public office, this reform led to a limited democracy
- absolute monarchy
- when a king/queen has complete authority like Louis XIV
- Florence Nightingale
- founded the first school of nursing. Suggested better hygiene in hospitals.
- limited democracy
- democracy limited to certain citizens
- Concert of Europe
- an agreement made during the Congress Vienna for European countries to periodically meet.
- Salon
- place where informal gatherings are held to exchange ideas.
- Mary Wallstonecraft
- Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, in which she called for equal education for girls and boys. She felt that a woman should be able to decide what was in her own interest without depending on her husband.
- Athens
- a city-state, first to have a government of democracy
- Rousseau
- Believed that people were naturally good, but it was the harsh rules of society that made them bad. Wrote the Social Contract, in which he stated that govt. rules should be minimal, and that only freely elected governments should make rules.
- Baroque Art
- type of art that displayed BOLD, large, colorful, & ornate images
- Jeremy Bentham
- Utilitarian. "Greatest happiness for the greatest number." Believed that the govt. should only get involved under certain circumstances.
- Impressionism
- An artistic style that attempts to portray the viewers first impression of a scene ex. Claude Monet
- Common Law
- laws for everyone - Henry II of England
- Enclosure
- the process of taking over & consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
- democracy
- government of the people
- Charles Darwin
- Wrote the Origin of Species, which said that all life forms evolve .
- Jacobin
- a revolutionary group of intellectuals, lawyers, & radicals. Called for a new legislative body called the National Convention. Put Louis XVI on trial as a traitor.
- Republic
- government where people choose officials to represent
- Cult of Domesticity
- the idea of women in a home.
- Louis XVI
- King of France during turmoil, bankruptcy, famine, & unhappiness. Terrible King.> killed.
- dictator
- ruler with complete control over govt.
- Adam Smith
- Physiocrat- based his thinking on natural laws. Wrote the Wealth of Nations, in which he argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity. Supported laissez faire. Felt that the govt. had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.
- Ancien Regime/Estates
- old order that divided society into 3 societies at the top was the clergy> nobility> 97% of the rest of the population
- Entrepreneur
- the people who managed & assumed financial risk of starting new businesses
- Labor Unions
- workers organizations (illegal)
- Naturalism
- Laws that are understood through reason.
- The English Bill of Rights
- a set of rights guaranteed to all English men. The Bill of Rights ensured Parliaments power over the monarchs.
- Socialism
- a system where people as a whole rather than invdividuals owned the means of production
- Alfred Nobel
- created dynamite, & the Nobel Peace Prize.
- Tenements
- apartments
- James Watt
- improves the steam engine
- Louis Pastuer
- showed the difference between microbes & disease. Developed vaccines against rabies & anthrax. Discovered the process of pasteurization.
- Julius Caesar
- started as a Roman general people liked him, & decided for him to lead Rome > gains power & issues reforms > later dies
- city-state
- territory that has its own laws & government ex. Athens & Sparta
- Capitol
- investment money
- Reasons for French Revolution
- Ancien Regime. Bankrupt. Poor leader. enlightment.
- Plebiscite
- popular vote by ballot.
- Romanticism
- an artistic style that emphasized emotion, imagination, freedom, & creativity. It shaped Western civilization.
- Catherine the Great
- Empress of Russia, she is known for her extension of religious toleration & end of torture
- Marie Antoinette
- From Austria, married to Louis XVI so that France would become allies with Austria. Most hated Queen ever> killed.
- Henry Bessemer
- invented a new process to make steel
- Sans - Culotte
- Political group of radicals, that demanded a republic. Named after their pants.
- Voltaire
- Supported the idea of free speech. Battled inequality & injustice through his books> exposed royal abuse> King ordered for his books to be burned and for him to exiled> Later exiled.
- The "Putting Out" System
- cotton industry
- Laissez Faire
- belief that government should not interfere in the economic affairs of the nation
- Napoleanic Code
- a new codeof laws based on Enlightenment ideas; such as, equality of all citizens, religious tolerance. Women lost many newly gained rights.
- Socrates
- Greek philosopher, inventor of the Socratic Method - question and answer approach- and statesman
- Charles Dickens
- novelist, wrote Oliver Twist