World History Chapter 6
Terms
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- Scientific Revolution
- new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and willingness to question
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Astronomer who said the earth revolved around the sun
- heliocentric theory
- theory the at the sun is at the center of the universe
- Johannes Kepler
- mathematician who proved the accuracy of Copernicus's theory
- Galileo Galilei
- Scientist who was forced by the Catholic Church to take back scientific ideas that disagreed with the church's view
- scientific method -
- logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
- Francis Bacon
- Writer who helped advance the scientific method
- Rene Descartes
- Mathematician who helped promote the scientific method
- Isaac Newton
- Scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity
- Enlightenment
- Age of Reason
- social contract
- According to Thomas Hobbes, an agreement people make with government
- John Locke
- Philosopher who wrote about government
- natural rights
- rights that John Locke said people were born with: life, liberty, and property
- philosophe
- social critics in France
- Voltaire
- Writer who fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
- Montesquieu
- French writer concerned with government and political liberty
- separation of powers
- Montesquieu idea that power should be divided between different branches of government
- Jean Jacques Rousseau
- Enlightenment thinker who championed freedom
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Author who wrote about women's rights
- salon
- social gathering for discussing ideas or enjoying art
- baroque
- grand, ornate style
- neoclassical
- simple style that borrowed ideas from classical Greek and Rome
- enlightened despot
- ruler who supported Enlightenment ideas but did not give up power
- Catherine the Great
- Russian ruler who took steps to reform and modernize Russia
- Declaration of Independence
- document declaring American independence from Britain
- Thomas Jefferson
- Author of the Declaration of Independence
- checks and balances
- system in which each branch of government checks, or limits, the power of the other two branches
- federal system
- system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments
- Bill of Rights
- First ten amendments to the US Constitution; protections of basic rights for individuals
- abuses
- improper uses, misuses
- astronomy
- study of the universe beyond the earth
- hypothesis
- attempt to answer a question that needs to be proven or disprove
- intellectual
- related to thinking or to the mind
- law of gravity
- idea linking motion in the heavens with motion on the Earth and based on the principle that every object attracts every other object
- reformed
- changed for the better
- repeal
- take back a law
- serfdom
- state or condition of using workers as slaves
- vaccination
- introduction of weakened or killed viruses or bacteria into the body to protect against a specific disease
- violated
- went against