World History I SOL Review
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- Where did the first homo-sapiens emerge?
- Africa
- What advancements were made by Paleolithic peoples?
-
first tools
use of fire
oral language
cave art - The beginning of agriculture
- Neolithic Age
- What advancements were made during the Neolithic Age
-
agriculture
domestication of animals
used advanced tools
pottery and weaving skills - How do archaeologists date remains
- Carbon 14
- Where was Egyptian civilization located
- Nile River in Egypt
- What is Mesopotamia
- land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
- On what river was India's ancient civilization?
- Indus
- On what river did Shang civilization emerge?
- Huang He
- Fertile Crescent
- crescent-shaped area of fertile land extending from the Persian Gulf and Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean Sea
- What two products were traded by Phoenicia?
- purple dye and cedar wood
- What was the first monotheistic religion
- Hebrew/Jewish
- Who is often considered to have written the first code of laws?
- Hammurabi
- Sumerian writing system--the world's first
- cuneiform
- burial chambers for Eygpt's pharaohs
- Pyramids
- Book containing the written records and beliefs of Hebrews
- Torah
- Religiou and moral code of conduct for Hebrews
- Ten Commandments
- two prophets of Judaism
- Abraham and Moses
- Who developed the first alphabet
- Phoenicians
- ancient Egyptian writing
- Hieroglyphics
- Persian prophet
- Zoroaster
- Empire that controlled the Iranian Plateau and was tolerant over conquered peoples
- Persia
- Developed the caste system
- Aryans
- Golden Age of Ancient India when new textiles were made, literature and mathematics were advanced
- Gupta
- Rigidly structured organization of society based on occupation
- caste system
- Religion which included caste system
- Hindu
- Brahma
- Hindu god/creator who takes on many forms
- Holy books of Hinduism
- Vedas and Upanishads
- belief that future incarnation is based on present behavior
- karma (Hindu)
- religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama
- Buddhism
- his missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia
- Asoka
- Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths
- Buddhist religious doctrine/beliefs, explain suffering and correct behavior
- connected East Asia and southwest Asia facilitating trade between China and Rome/Byzantine
- Silk Road
- Contributions made by classical China
-
porcelain
silk
civil service
paper
gunpowder - often credited with construction of the Great Wall of China
- Shi Huangti
- Chinese built this as a defensive barrier against invasion
- Great Wall of China
- Chinese belief that their rulers were divine and would only rule as long as they were just
- Mandate of Heaven
- Beliefs include: belief that humans are good, respect, politeness, government is good, education, ancestor worship
- Confucianism
- founder of Taoism
- Lao Tzu
- Teaches harmony with nature, humility, simple life
- Taoism
- religion that spread from China throughout Asia
- Buddhism
- Describe Greece's geography?
- Peninsula with limited fertile land making trade necessary that controlled the Aegean Sea. Mild climate promoted life outdoors. Need to colonize abroad for land and because of overpopulation
- Zeus
- king of Greek Olympic gods
- Hera
- Queen/mother of Greek gods
- Aprhodite
- Greek goddess of love
- Type of government Athens had during its golden age
- direct democracy
- tyrant reformer of Athens whose laws were too harsh
- Draco
- tyrant-reformer who made Athens more democratic
- Solon
- Who could not participate in Athens' democracy?
- women, slaves, foreigners
- militaristic city-state with an oligarchy; rivaled Athens
- Sparta
- Wars between Greece and Persia
- Persian Wars
- Two victories for Greece over Persia in the Persian Wars
- Marathon and Salamis
- Why was the Persian Wars important to the development of Greek culture?
- led to the creation of the Delian League; temporary unification of Greek city-states; led to Athenian Golden Age
- leader of the Athenian Golden Age
- Pericles
- wars between Athens and its Delian League and Sparta and its allies
- Peloponnesian War
- Results of the Peloponnesian War
- ended Athenian Golden Age; ripe for attack by Philip II
- Greek marketplace and meeting place
- agora
- great temple built during the reign of Pericles with oversight by Phidias
- Parthenon
- Greek fortified hill
- Acropolis
- first playwright
- Aeschylus
- writer of the Iliad and Odyssey
- Homer
- great Greek sculptor of Athena and Zeus
- Phidias
- Father of History; wrote Persian Wars
- Herodotus
- wrote of the Peloponnesian Wars
- Thucydides
- developed the water screw, pi, and improved use of lever
- Archimedes
- father of scientific medicine
- Hippocrates
- father of geometry
- Euclid
- great philosopher who was sentenced to death; taught knowledge is the greatest virtue
- Socrates
- wrote the Republic; student of Socrates
- Plato
- teacher of Alexander the Great
- Aristotle
- student of Plato; scientifically classified plants and animals; logic
- Aristotle
- responsible for spreading Hellenistic culture
- Alexander the Great
- Greek-like culture that blended with Oriental cultures
- Hellenistic
- Describe Rome's geography
- centrally located in Mediterranean Basin, Alps provided some protection, fertile soil
- Modern day France
- Gaul
- Germanic tribe that settled in England
-
Angles
Saxons - Our planets are named after
- Roman gods and goddesses
- Jupiter
- king of Roman gods
- Venus
- Goddess of love (Rome)
- patricians
- powerful nobility of Rome
- plebeians
- majority of Romans; commoners
- Laws of Rome
- 12 Tables
- Rome's laws guaranteed
- Innocent until proven guilty
- Wars between Rome and Carthage
- Punic Wars
- Carthaginian general who invaded Rome during the Second Punic War
- Hannibal
- How did Rome gain control of the western Med. and trade through the region
- Victory against Carthage in Punic Wars
- Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic
-
spread of slavery,
migration of small farmers to the cities, civil war and the death of Julius Caesar, and inflation - Why was Julius Caesar assassinated
- Some senators felt he was becoming too powerful
- who defeated Mark Antony to become Rome's first emperor
- Augustus
- who was the emperor who began the Pax Romana
- Augustus
- 200 year period of peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire
- Pax Romana
- As Rome's empire grew, what happened to the power of the senate
- went down
- What was the impact of the Pax Romana
- uniform system of currency, safe travel and trade, expansion of the Roman Empire, social stability
- Who was the apostle who spread Christianity to the people of the Roman Empire
- Paul
- Which Roman emperor legalized and adopted Christianity
- Constantine
- Edict of Milan
- legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire (Constantine)
- book that tells of the life and teachings of Jesus
- New Testament
- 3 monotheistic religions
- Judaism, Christiantiy, Islam
- monotheistic
- belief in one god
- As Rome's empire fell, what happened to the power of the Catholic Church
- it increased
- Roman architectural contributions
- dome, road, Pantheon, Colosseum, aqueduct, Roman arch
- language of Rome
- Latin
- the Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, etc.) are based on
- Latin
- writer of the Aenied
- Virgil
- belief in many gods
- polytheistic
- people from northern Europe who invaded northern Europe from sea
- Vikings
- Why did the Western Roman Empire decline?
- cost of defense, inflation, moral decay, political problems, civil wars, unclear line of succession, invasions by barbarians
- Two reforms by Constantine
- legalized Christianity and move capital to Constantinople, previously Byzantium
- emperor who divided the Roman empire into East and West
- Diocletian
- Capital of the Byzantine Empire
- Constantinople
- Geographical advantages to Constantinople
- easily protected, away from Germanic invasions, crossroads of trade, close to Silk Road, great harbor
- Great Byzantine emperor
- Justinian
- 3 accomplishments made by Justinian
- reconquered former Roman territories, code of laws (Justinian's Code), and expanded trade
- religious images (used by Byzantine empire)
- icon
- langauge spoken by most people of the Byzantine Empire
- Greek
- great Byzantine domed Church
- Hagia Sophia
- Schism
- religious division or split
- What factors caused the schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzatnine Church (Orthodox)
-
language (Latin vs Greek)
celibacy (yes vs no)
icon controversy
pope vs patriarch - Missiornary who spread Christianity to eastern Europe and developed an alphabet
- Cyril
- Where did Islam begin?
- Arabian Peninsula, Mecca, Medina
- Who is the prophet of Islam
- Muhammad
- Who is the god of Islam
- Allah
- What is the Islamic holy book
- Quran
- What are the duties of Muslims
- Five Pillars
- What caused the Sunni-Shi'a schism?
- debate over who was the successor to Muhammad
- the west African kingdoms of Songhai, Ghana, and Mali traded
- gold and salt
- language of Muslims
- Arabic
- Muslims were defeated here preventing the spread of Islam into Europe
- Battle of Tours
- Muslim contributions
- mosaics, Arabic, number system including zero, algebra, medicine, geogrpahy
- land given to a vassal in exchange for loyalty
- fief
- political and military system in which nobles entered arrangements with other lords in exchange for protection
- feudalism
- manors were expected to be able to meet all needs meaning they were to be--
- self-sufficient
- peasant during feudal times that was bound to the land
- serf
- in exchange for a fief these people offer protection to their lord and to serve him
- vassal
- great Frankish king who was crowned Holy Roman Emperor
- Charlemagne
- great Frankish king who revived Roman culture, stressed education, expanded his empire through most of western Europe
- Charlemagne
- state religion of ancient Japan, kami
- Shinto
- city in west Africa that served as the foundation for trans-Saharan trade of gold and salt
- Timbuktu
- African civilization located on the Limpono and Zambezi Rivers
- Zimbabwe
- Zoroater
- Persian religious prophet
- religion of west African kingdoms
- Islam
- civilization located in the Mexican and Central American rainforest
- Maya
- civilization located in central Mexico
- Aztec
- capital of Aztec
- Tenochtitlan
- achievements made by the Maya, Aztec,
- calendar, mathematics, pyramids
- What were the Crusades?
- Christian attempt to reconquer holy lands (Jerusalem) from Muslims
- Who was Pope Urban II?
- Pope who made the call for the first Crusade
- Who was Saladin?
- Muslim Turk who reconquered Holy Lands leading to the 3rd and 4th Crusade
- What were the results of the Crusades?
-
Weakened the pope and nobles
Strengthened monarchs
Stimulated trade
Increased desire for luxury items from Asia and Middle East
Bitterness between Jews and Muslims - What is the other name for the bubonic plague?
- Black Plague
- What is usury?
- high rate of interest
- What were the effects of the Black Death?
- decline in population, created labor shortage, peasants gained rights
- Where did the Renaissance begin?
- Florence, Italy (also Venice and Genoa)
- Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
- trade brought wealth
- Who was King John?
- English monarch who signed the Magna Carta
- Who was William the Conqueror?
- Norman king who conquered England (Battle of Hastings); united England
- What event marked the beginning of England as a nation?
- Norman Conquest by William the Conqueror
- What is common law?
- judges that based their decisions on earlier, accepted rulings
- Which monarch began common law?
- Henry II
- What was the Magna Carta?
- document signed by King John that limited the power of the British king
- What event helped unify and define both England and France as nations?
- Hundred Years' War
- Who was Joan of Arc?
- French heroine of the Hundred Years' War who unified the French people and led them to victory
- Which Spanish monarchs expelled the Muslim Moors and helped unify their nation?
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- Which Spanish monarch created a great overseas empire?
- Philip II
- Who was the great Russian monarch who overthrew the Mongols, centralized the power of the Russian king and unified his nation?
- Ivan the Great
- tsar
- Russian monarch ("first" was Ivan the Great)
- What was the name of the Christian African kingdom?
- Axum
- What were the geographical advantages of Zimbabwe's location?
- Zambezi River, Limpono Rivers, and near the Indian Ocean
- What products were traded by West African civilizations?
- gold and salt
- Which civilization began in Mongolia and expanded into China, Southwest Asia, and Russia by conquering cities and rural areas?
- Mongols
- What is humanism?
- belief in the individual worth of each person
- What was the Renaissance?
- rebirth of Roman and Greek (classical) civilizations; emphasized humanism
- What was the name of the great patron family of Florence?
- Medici
- Who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper?
- Leondardo daVinci
- What was Michelangelo responsible for painting? sculpting?
- Sistine Chapel Ceiling and David
- Who is the father of humanism?
- Erasmus
- Who wrote Utopia?
- Sir Thomas More
- Who wrote The Prince?
- Machiavelli
- What ideas were put forward by The Prince?
- Absolute power of the ruler; the end justifies the means; one should do good if possible, but can do evil when necessary
- Who were the invaders of the Indian subcontinent?
- Aryans