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SEMESTER 1 REVIEW

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John Marshall
appointed by Adams, gave the Federalists control of the Supreme Court for many years, and was a force in deciding Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.
Judicial Review -
the power of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.
List reasons the Antifederalists opposed the Constitution.
The believed individual rights must be protected, they believed the government would favor the rich and powerful and ignore the rights of others, and they were afraid the federal government would be too strong
Which colonial region proved to be more diverse than the others both religiously and economically?
The Middle colonies
What brought Missouri into the Union as a slave state, Maine as a free state, divided the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory, with no slavery above Missouri, and slavery allowed below.
Missouri Compromise 1820,
Constitutional Convention
- Philadelphia, 1787. Held as a result of problems with the government under the Articles of Confederation.
Henry Clay
- Supporter of strong government, he was an opponent of Andrew Jackson for president in 1832, and disagreed with Jackson on the issue of the national bank.
What were the primary impacts of the Great Awakening?
Challenge to existing religions and governmental order, birth of new evangelical religions, laid social groundwork for American Revolution
Antifederalists
- opposed the constitution without certain measures and a strong central government.
What prompted the need for a new Constitution?
The lack of power in the government under the Articles of Confederation led to unrest by Americans in different parts of the country, including Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts.
Which state was the first to secede from the Union?
South Carolina
Aristocracy
- upper class, educated Americans who generally controlled the government up to the 1820's.
those deemed most qualified to choose and run government
Aristocracy
United States Constitution
- established a federal system of government which makes federal law supreme law of the land, provides for separation of powers within the federal government, checks and balances to provide for any one branch of government becoming too powerful, and a specific process for amending the Constitution when necessary.
Cavalier
- English nobility/land owners in Virginia
How did tobacco impact the fate of the Virginia colony?
Tobacco crops keep the colony from failing early on, and allow it to grow and prosper.
Virginia House of Burgesses
- 1st elected assembly in the colonies, now called the Virginia General Assembly.
Proclamation of 1763
- said that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mtns.
In which colonies did the Catholics and Quakers settle?
Catholics in Maryland, Quakers in Pennsylvania
What are the key principles of the Constitution?
Federalism and separation of powers, an independent and co-equal judicial branch, and a process for amending the Constitution, both protects and restricts popular sovereignty.
What was the impact of the cotton gin on the United States?
Invented by Eli Whitney, it contributed to westward movement, the start of the industrial revolution, and the increase in slavery in the south.
What led to the increase in universal white male suffrage during Andrew Jackson's presidency? May states ended land ownership qualifications for voting.
Ratification by state conventions, nine states had to ratify. Ratification was supported by the Federalists Papers, and opposed by Letters From a Federal Farmer.
What finally ended Reconstruction?
The Compromise of 1877
What was the ratification process for the Constitution, and what documents were written for and against ratification?
Continental Congress, Stamp Act Congress, boycotts, Boston Tea Party, Committees of Correspondence, Boston Massacre
14th Amendment
- Citizenship, provides equal rights for all Americans under the law
Seneca Falls Convention
- women's rights convention in 1848.
who was a Northern abolitionist publisher of The Liberator.
William Lloyd Garrison
Puritans
- Settled in Plymouth in 1619 seeking religious freedom from England
What was the basis for the New England Colonial society?
Social Standing was based on religion, and they were intolerant of dissenters.
Jim Crow Laws
- laws that led to increased discrimination against African-Americans in the late 1800's.
Dred Scott Decision Scott
was a slave who attempted to sue for his freedom when he moved to a northern territory. He was denied, on the basis of his lack of rights, and those of his owner to keep his property, therefore hurting any attempt by the government to limit the spread of slavery into free territories.
What were the major impacts of European settlement on Native Americans in North America?
- Disease killed many Native Americans, loss of land, new foods/goods/animals, learned to farm.
What prompted the secession of seven southern states in 1860-1861?
The election of Abraham Lincoln
How did the war impact the economy of both the North and the South?
Northern industry was booming because of war profits, Southern plantation agriculture was destroyed and a large class of poor tenant farmers emerged.
Gettysburg Address
- Lincoln described the war as a struggle to preserve the Union as a nation "of the people, by the people, and for the people."
Headright System
- Wealthy landowners were given land in Virginia for paying the passage of others to the colony. Many people came to Virginia as indentured servants through the headright system.
McCulloch v. Maryland
- Supreme Court case, decided when John Marshall was Chief Justice, established constitutionality of the national bank, established the necessary and proper clause in the Constitution, and upheld the idea of implied powers.
Federal Government
- A government where the national government holds some powers, and state governments hold other powers.
Battle of Saratoga
- turning point in the Revolutionary War.
What factors most contributed to the growth of the American industrial economy?
Transportation advancements such as railroads and canals.
Federalists
- Led by John Adams, supported strong federal government, thought the aristocracy should Control the government, and had little trust in the ability of the "common man" to be involved in government.
Bill of Rights
- first 10 Amendments to the Constitution, outlines individual freedoms, added to the Constitution in order to gain support of Antifederalists.
What the primary motivation for settlement in each colonial region?
New England - Religious Freedom, Middle, Religious freedom, economic opportunity, Southern - economic opportunity.
Stamp Act
- set up to raise revenue for British
Radical Republicans
- members of Congress who believed in aggressively guaranteeing voting and other rights during reconstruction.
Abraham Lincoln
Elected in 1860, did not support the spread of slavery into new territories
Federalists
- supported the Constitution and a strong central government.
Virginia Declaration of Rights
- said there are basic human rights which cannot be violated by government, influenced the new government, written by George Mason
Which country aided the colonists what helped them win the war?
France
Patriots
- inspired by John Locke and Thomas Paine, supported independence from Britain, led by Washington and other patriots.
Early settlements all have what geographical feature in common?
Settled near water, Ocean, bay or river.
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom
- ended the official relationship between church and state, influenced the new government, written by Thomas Jefferson
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854,
repealed the Missouri Compromise, leaving slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana purchase up to popular sovereignty.
How did slave revolts led by people like Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser impact slavery and the abolitionist movement?
They led to stricter fugitive slave laws and harsher treatment of slaves.
15th Amendment
- Guarantees all male citizens the right to vote.
Common Sense
- widely distributed, written by Thomas Paine, gained support for independence
Democratic-Republican Party
Led by Thomas Jefferson, mostly farmers who wanted a less powerful federal government and agricultural economy. Favored common man over wealthy, and stronger states rights.
What best describes Lincoln's view of Reconstruction?
Lincoln stated that he did not wanted to punish the south but go about reconstruction "with malice toward none, with charity for all." All states must abolish slavery, but the Ten-Percent Plan said that only 10% of a states population must pledge an oath to support the Constitution.
What actions by the British government prompted the idea of "no taxation without representation"?
Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts
Said Europe should not interfere in affairs in the western hemisphere, North and South American were no longer open to European colonization, and the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
Monroe Doctrine
Why did England impose new taxes on the colonies in the second half of the 18th century?
The government needed money to pay war debt.
Marbury v. Madison
- Supreme Court case, decided when John Marshall was Chief Justice, established judicial review for the courts.
How did land ownership impact life in the south?
Social structure, wealth and governmental involvement all depended on land ownership.
What were the causes of the Civil War?
Sectional differences such as slavery, economic factors (protective tariffs, agriculture vs. industry) and states' rights that developed and escalated over time.
What did Lincoln want in terms of Reconstruction?
Legitimate state governments in the south that could be quickly restored to the Union and to reunite the country without punishing the south.
Social Contract Theory
- the idea that people will support their government as long as government is acting in the best interest of the people. Illustrated in Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence.
Fort Sumter
- the spark that starts the Civil War, prompted Lincoln to mobilize federal troops for the war
What powers were denied to Congress according to the Articles of Confederation?
Levy taxes, regulate trade
What prompted the purchase of Florida. and from whom did we purchase the territory?
Purchased from Spain in 1819, it was part of the treaty designed to establish boundary lines in the south between the U.S. and Mexico.
Middle Passage
- Part of the triangular trade that brought slaves from Africa to the Americas.
What were the major impacts of the French and Indian War?
Left Britain with more land, more power and more debt that needed to be paid, England became a world power, France was no longer a power in North America, Colonists began to want more rights and freedoms from the British government.
Why do we have a system of checks and balances?
To prevent any one branch of the government from becoming too powerful.
Gettysburg
- Union victory, turning point in the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation
- changed goal of the war for the North to ending slavery, signed by Abraham Lincoln, did not free slaves in northern border states while the war was still being fought, prompted Union support from European nations, struck down the earlier Dred Scott decision.
Briefly list different aspects of settlement in the Appalachian foothills.
Economic differences - they relied on subsistence farming, trade, hunting rather than cash crops.
What were the primary goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?
Find a water route to the Pacific, map and study the Louisiana Territory.
Loyalist/Tory
- Colonists who were loyal to Great Britain during the Revolution.
How did the Puritans feel about the connection between church and state?
They believed in keeping a close relationship between church and state.
Declaration of Independence
- It was a response to British action that violated the rights of the colonists, stated that people have inalienable rights, that all men are created equal, and that government derives its power from the consent of the governed (the people), said that when a government becomes destructive towards the people, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and institute a new government.
What were the main arguments in support of the Bill of Rights?
Protect individual rights of citizens.
Andrew Jackson
- hero from the war of 1812, would be elected president in 1828, and use the spoils system.
Describe the relationship between Native Americans and the American government during the 19th century.
Following the Trail of Tears and the forced removal of Native Americans from Georgia, the American government continued to ignore all treaties with Native American groups and remove them from native lands. This eventually led to the reservation system in the west.
What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Congress could not impose taxes, regulate trade or coin money; it lacked power over the states and people, and was nearly impossible to change.
How did European colonization impact the global population?
Europeans moved to North America, Africans were forced to migrate to the colonies as slaves, and many Native Americans were killed as a result of European conflict and diseases.
Compromise of 1850
Allowed California in to the Union as a free state, left the Mexican cession up to popular sovereignty, and instituted stricter fugitive slave laws.
Which European nations sent the most immigrants into the middle colonial regions?
England, Holland (Dutch), Germany
Mayflower Compact
- Pilgrim settlers at Plymouth signed Mayflower Compact as a charter setting up their covenant community
What economic factors best describe the middle colonies?
Trade, small-scale farming, artisans, shipbuilding.
Battle of Yorktown
- Surrender of British army, last major battle of the war.
Andrew Johnson
- President after Lincoln, impeached by Radical Republicans in Congress, escaped conviction by one vote in the Senate.
Spoils System
- the practice of rewarding party officials and supporters with government positions

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