EPPP Learning/Cognitive-Behavioral
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Secondary Reinforcers
-
reinforcers that acquire value only through experience
example = smiles and nods - Primary Reinforcers
-
reinforcers that reinforce everyone, all ages & cultures
example = food - Retroactive Inhibition
- subsequent learning interferes with past learning, especially when the content area is similar
- Premack Principle
-
positive reinforcement where a high-frequency behavior is used as the reinforcer for a low-frequency behavior
aka Grandma's Rule - Habituation
- in Classical Conditioning, subject becomes accustomed to & less responsive to an US & the US no longer elicits the UR
- Absolute Threshold
-
minimum stimulus intensity required to produce a specific sensation
example = what wattage light bulb is needed before light is perceived - Overlearning
-
practicing or rehearsing beyond the first time info is reproduced without error
any practice is best when spaced
overlearning is most effective for concrete info
associated with improvements in both short-and long-term recall and resistance to extinction - Response Cost
- type of negative punishment, involves removing a specific stimulus following a behavior to decrease that behavior
- Fixed Ratio
-
type of intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after a certain, unchanging # of responses are emitted
example: getting paid for every 500 envelopes stuffed
Response Rate: moderate to high, subject may pause after reinforcement, especially if the ratio is large - Variable Ratio
-
type of intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable # of responses are emitted
example = slot machines
Response Rate: high, with little pause; results in greatest operant strength during acquisition; most resistant to extinction - Serial Position Effect
-
tendency to remember the first and last words in a list better than words in the middle
(1st words are in LTM, last words are in STM) - Deci: effects of external rewards on internal motivation
-
extrinsic rewards sometimes decrease intrinsic motivation
wen rewards are used to control, motivation decreases
when rewards are used to inform, motivation increases - Iconic Memory
- memory for visual images
- DRO
-
differential reinforcement of other behavior
reinforcement for every interval of time in which the target undesirable behavior does not occur - Echoic Memory
- auditory sensory memory
- Multistore Model of Memory
-
3 components:
SENSORY (retains info from all senses for a brief period)
SHORT-TERM (limited capacity & duration)
LONG-TERM (large capacity & long duration) - Contrast Effect
-
in operant conditioning, when 2 behaviors have been reinforced & reinforcement for 1 behavior is withheld, the still-reinforced behavior will increase
frustration has been used as an explanation - Personal Construct Theory
-
George Kelley - theory of personality and therapy
aka constructive alternativism
* we perceive/construe the world according to what we expect
* our expectations are based on & change with our experiences
influential in the development of narrative-constructivist approaches to therapy. - Hawthorne Effect
- when research participants act differently because of the novelty of the situation and the special attention they receive as research participants
- Rosenthal Effect
- self-fulfilling prophecy, analogous to experimenter expectancy
- Interference Theory
- we remember best when we minimize interference immediately after we learn something
- Schacter's 2-Factor Theory of Emotion
-
attributes emotion to 2 factors: physical arousal & cognitive labeling of arousal
people look to external cues to differentiate & label emotions - Cannon-Bard Theory
-
during perception of an emotion-provoking stimulus, the thalamus sends simultaneous signals to the body (allowing action) & to the cortex (producing an emotion)
the body's response is NOT a major factor in emotion - Selective Attention
-
ability to focus on 1 stimulus in the presence of distractions
declines with age (explained by interference theory) - Sapir-Wholf Hypothesis
- the language people use actually shapes how they think
- Fixed Interval
-
type of intermittent reinforcement
reinforcement occurs the 1st time the behavior is emitted after the fixed time interval has elapsed
response rate: usually low or nonexistent, increases at end of interval; easiest to extinguish - Satiation
-
in operant conditioning, a hazard of continuous reinforcement
a reinforcer loses its value due to overuse - Variable Interval
-
intermittent schedule of reinforcement
reinforcement occurs after a variable, unpredictable interval of time has elapsed
Response rate - moderate & without pause - Treatment for Agoraphobia
-
most effective treatment = in vivo flooding
less frequent, longer exposures are best
high arousal not needed for flooding to be successful - Feature Integration Theory
-
Treisman
used to explain how we perceive objects as complete rather than meaningless collections of features
focused visual attention is needed to see objects as complete - Weber's Law
- the more intense a stimulus, the greater the increase in stimulus intensity must be for the increase to be noticed
- Overcorrection
-
usually used to treat acting out behaviors
punishment that involves restitution or reparation, as well as physical guidance - Deep Dyslexia
- involves several reading errors, including semantic paralexia (substituting words with similar meanings)
- Surface Dyslexia
-
reading without comprehension due to inability to read words that are spelled irregularly
person doesn't recognize words so sounds them out (might read "comb" for "come") - Literal Alexia
- can read whole words but not individual letters
- Pure Alexia
-
"word blindness"
inability to read words, even words written by the person - Representational Memory
- record of general knowledge, common sense, & skills
- Episodic Memory
-
record of individual experiences, a continuing autobiographical reference
a subtype of explicit/declarative memory - Flashbulb Memory
- vivid memories of surprising, emotional, usually traumatic events
- Elaboration
-
making information to be learned meaningful
best way to retain information - Latent Learning
-
Tolman
reinforcement is more of a factor in the performance than the learning of a response
rats explored a maze for 10 days but didn't solve it until reinforcement was offerred - Confidence Calibration
- used in cognition literature to describe the degree of similarity between a person's level of confidence & their actual success
- Means-End Analysis
- a problem-solving technique that involves identifying goals, the current situation, & what is needed to achieve goals
- Systematic Desensitization
-
procedure for reducing anxiety, pairs anxiety-provoking stimuli with relaxation
counterconditioning
effects due to repeated exposure to the CS without the US (i.e., classical extinction) - Counterconditioning
- pairing of incompatible responses to reduce an undesirable response
- Flooding
-
in vivo or imaginative exposure to a feared stimulus with response prevention
best treatment for phobias
classical extinction - Classical Extinction
- the CS is presented repeatedly without the US until the CR (anxiety) is extinguished
- Long-term Potentiation
-
the physiological process by which ST memories become LT memories
repeated stimulation of a synapse is thought to lead to chemical & structural changes in the dendrite of the receiving neuron, resulting in the neuron being more sensitive to stimulation - Aversive Conditioning
-
pairing an aversive US with a CS in hope that the UR will eventually become conditioned
Example:
US (shock) + CS (smoking) = CR (pain)
problems: high relapse rates, lack of generalization, ethical concnerns - Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers
-
reinforcers that take on value by providing access to other reinforcers
examples - money, tokens - Best way to memorize a list of words
- visualize each word
- Barnum Effect
-
tendency of people to identify with vague descriptions of themselves
example - horoscopes - Zeigarnik Effect
- our tendency to remember unfinished tasks more vividly than completed tasks
- Avoidance Conditioning
- organism avoids an aversive stimulus by emitting the desired behavior in time
- Escape Conditioning
-
aka, negative reinforcement
the aversive stimulus cannot be avoided, but one can get the aversive stimulus to stop by emitting the desired behavior - Cooperative Learning Classes
-
students of different ability levels & cultural backgrounds work together on completing projects
improves academic functioning of low-ability students
reduces cultural biases & stereotypes - Cattell-Horn-Cattell Theory of Intelligence
-
most empirically validated theory of intelligence, foundation of the WJIII & WISCIV
intelligence can be understood in 3 levels:
1. 'g'
2. about 10 broad cognitive abilities
3. about 70 narrow cognitive abilities - Primacy Effect
- tendency for initial information to carry more weight than information received later; consistently found in studies of impression formation
- Token Economy
- involved system which includes reinforcement & punishment for a wide variety of behaviors, tokens can be exchanged for a variety of rewards
- Health Belief Model
-
Rosenstock
perceptions of vulnerability & beliefs about illness influence health behaviors
multicausal: psychosocial factors (demographics, peer pressure...), perceived susceptibility to disease, perceived seriousness of the disease, perceived benefits of preventative action, barriers to preventative action - Backward Masking
-
a second visual impression erases the first impression
(example: people who are briefly shown a picture of a dog and then a bright light only recall the light) - Eidetic memory
-
photographic memory
long duration - Redintegration
- memory that occurs when something (e.g., a smell) unlocks a rapid chain of memories
- Reciprocal Inhibition
-
counterconditioning, 2 incompatible responses cannot occur at the same time
includes systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning
used to treat smoking, paraphilias, phobias... - Word Association
- forming words or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized (acronyms) or making up stories that connect the items together
- Method of Loci
- forming a mental image of a walk through a physical location, then forming a visual image of the words on a list, putting each in a specific place
- Pegword System
- first memorizing a set of ten visual images that can later be pegs on which to hang ideas, then associating each image with what is to be remembered
- Substitute Word Technique
-
breaking a word to be remembered down into parts and substituting words that are more familiar and can be visualized
example: catabolize = a cat, a ball, eyes - Localized Amnesia
-
The loss of memory for personal information limited to a circumscribed period of time is referred to as localized amnesia.
DSM distinguishes between five types of amnesia associated with Dissociative Amnesia – localized, selective, generalized, continuous, and systematized.