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Humanities Word List

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Terms

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Laissez-faire
Peace Treaty
Bias
a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
Utopian
characterized by or aspiring to impracticable perfection
Balance of Trade
the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Human Rights
rights to personal freedom and safety
Constitutional Monarchy
constitution that explains the powers of the government and owes allegiance to a monarch
Hegemony
the domination of one state over its allies
Judaism
the monotheistic religion tracing its origins to Abraham and having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Talmud
Bureaucracy
nonelective government officials
Divine Right
belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
Multinational Corporations
Large companies that operate in several different countries and sell their products around the world.
Glorious Revolution
the revolution against James II
Islam
a religion whose followers believe there is one god and that Muhammad is his prophet
Guerrilla War
combat where a small group of combatants use mobile tactics to combat a larger, less mobile formal army
Anarchy
a state of lawlessness and disorder (usually resulting from a failure of government)
Market Economy
an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices
Buddhism
the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth
Developing Nations
countries with few industres
Perestroika
an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union
Reactionary
an extreme conservative
Nationalism
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
Democracy
the doctrine that the numerical majority of an organized group can make decisions binding on the whole group
Nuclear Proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations
Enfranchisement
a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
Dictatorship
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Radical
markedly new or introducing radical change
Tyranny
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Oligarchy
ruling power belongs to only a few people
Multinational
involving or operating in several nations or nationalities
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
Balance of Power
an equilibrium of power between nations
Liberalism
an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard
Coup d'etat
Napoleon ended the Directory in a coup d'etat and substituted a strong dictatorship for a weak one.
Mandate of Heaven
based on the teachings of Mencius, the idea that an emperor enjoyed heaven's support only as long as he governed wisely
Third World
underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively
Barter Economy
system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another
Realpolitik
politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
Demilitarize
do away with the military organization and potential of
Absolutism
the doctrine of an absolute being
Aristocracy
the most powerful members of a society
Junta
a group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power
Conservative
a person who has conservative ideas or opinions
Martial Law
the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)
Taoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
Liberation Theology
a Catholic Church crusade for social justice and an end to poverty in Latin America
Confucianism
the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity
Hinduism
a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beingof many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a
Terrorism
the calculated use of violence (or threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature
Interdependence
a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups)
Tariff
a government tax on imports or exports
Pacific Rim
an economic and social region including the country's surrounding the pacific ocean
Status Quo
the current situation or condition
Ethnic Cleansing
the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area
Christianity
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
Right Wing
those who support political or social or economic conservatism
Socialism
a political theory advocating state ownership of industry
Balkanization
the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
Command Economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
Shintoism
a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors
Greenhouse Effect
warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
Culture
all the knowledge and values shared by a society
Glasnost
a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems
Bourgeois
a member of the middle class
GNP
the total value of all goods and services produced by a country
GDP
The total value of the goods and services produced in a country during a given time period
Materialism
a desire for wealth and material possessions with little interest in ethical or spiritual matters
Hegemony
the domination of one state over its allies
Third World
underdeveloped and developing countries of Asia and Africa and Latin America collectively
Civil Disobedience
a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral (as in protest against discrimination)
Suffrage
The right to vote.
Fundamentalism
Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied
Left Wing
those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare
Humanism
emphasis on education and on expanding knowledge, exploration of individuals potential and a desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibilities and moral duty

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