Honors Geography Final SLHS
Terms
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- Isogloss
- A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
- 3rd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth Rate Declining. Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Moderate Developing Country
- Core-periphery Model
- maintained that the world can be divided into four types of region.
- Segregation
- the act of segregating or sequestering
- Fossil Fuel
- energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
- Material Culture
- The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
- Squatter Settlement
- An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
- Rank Size Rule
- A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
- Maladaptive Diffusion
- Diffusion of a process with negative side effects
- Distance Decay
- The diminishing in importance and eventual dissappearence of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
- Situation
- The location of a place relative to other places
- Enclave
- an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
- Place
- a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
- Planned Communities
- A city built to a definite plan
- Expansion Diffusion
- The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
- Fundamentalism
- Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
- Mormonism
- the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon
- Ethnicity
- Identity with a group of people that share distict physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
- Assembly Line Production
- workers performed a single task repetitively
- Concentration
- The spread of something over a given area
- Centralization
- the act of consolidating power under a central control
- Infanticide
- kill infants of other males
- Scale
- The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole
- Resource
- A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
- Distribution
- The arrangement of something across Earth's surface
- Von Thunen's model
- Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a commercial economy that is similar to the concentric model
- City State
- A soverign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
- Dispersion
- the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume
- Apartheid
- Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
- Accessibility
- the ease of getting to a place; a variable quality of location
- Stimulus Diffusion
- the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
- Thematic Map
- shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...
- 2nd Pillar of Islam
- Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
- Greenhouse Effect
- warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
- Hunting and Gathering
- To chase or search for game/to bring together into one group
- Ethnic Religion
- a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it
- Ethnic Enclave
- a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture
- Secularism
- secular opinion or belief, especially a system following a political or social philosophy that rejects religious faith
- Stationary Population Pyramid
- A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality
- Gender
- a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males and females
- Cultural identity
- the connection the people of the same culture feel with one another
- Infrastructure
- the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area
- Solar Energy
- Energy generated by the Sun
- Agribusiness
- commercial firms that have developed w/ or stemmed out of agriculture
- Microstate
- A state that encompasses a very small land area
- Pattern
- The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
- Monotheism
- practice of believing in one god
- Polytheism
- practice of believing in more then one god
- Cultural Ecology
- Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
- Population Pyramid
- A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
- Reincarnation
- a second or new birth
- Doubling Rate
- numbers that it takes a population to double in size
- Suffrage
- The right or privilege of voting.
- Hierarchical Diffusion
- The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
- Land Area
- the amount of land inside the borders of a state or country
- Forms of Map Scale
- 1. Fractional 2. Written 3. Graphic
- Isoline
- line connecting points on a map having some similar feature
- Relative Distance
- A measure of distance using known locations and direction in reference to other known locations.
- Sacred Space
- Places sacred to certain groups
- Functional Region
- An area organized around a nodal or focal point
- Friction of Distance
- A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between 2 places.
- Agglomeration
- the act of collecting in a mass
- Plural Society
- a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
- Satellite State
- Country controlled by a more powerful nation
- Pidgin
- A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
- Megalopolis
- a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
- Map
- A two dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it
- Physiological Density
- The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
- Environmental Determinism
- An earlier approach to the study of geography. It was the study of how physical environment caused human activities
- Mercator Projection
- true shapes of landmasses but distorts the size
- Physical Boundary
- Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers.
- Biomass Fuel
- Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
- Threshold
- The minimum number of people needed to support the service
- Immigration
- migration to a new location
- Chain migration
- migration of people to a specific location becasue relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
- Four ways to define a location
- 1. Place Name 2. Site 3. Situation 4. Mathematical Location
- Relocation Diffusion
- The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
- Mental Map
- An internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place,containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
- Ethnic Diversity
- Differences among groups of people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs
- Prorupted State
- an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
- Third Agricultural Revolution
- currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms
- Physical Features
- The physical aspect of a country or region
- Language Family
- A collectio of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
- Green Revolution
- the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
- Expansive Population Pyramid
- A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people
- Popular Culture
- widely shared beliefs, tastes, goals, and practices
- Brain Drain
- Large-scale emigration by talented people
- Relative Location
- a location of a place in relationship to the features around it
- Grid
- a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image
- Overpopulation
- the number of people in an area exceeds that capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
- Seasons
- The four cycles of weather and temperature
- Possibilism
- The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
- Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
- a form of subsistance agriculture that requires larg amounts of labor to make the largest crop possible on small plots of land
- Cartogram Map
- A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map
- Counter- urbanization
- net migration for urban to rural areas in more developed countries
- Colonialism
- Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
- 1st Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth rate and Death Rate Low. Natural Increase Rate Low Stone Age Period of Development
- Buddhism
- a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha
- Sovereignty
- Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
- Second Agricultural Revolution
- In the 19th c. allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories.
- Consolidation
- something that has consolidated into a compact mass
- Folk Culture
- Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
- Capital
- wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
- Size
- the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)
- Region
- an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
- Infant Mortality Rate
- the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births
- Outsourcing
- The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
- Geopolitics
- the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
- Agriculture
- the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
- Absolute Distance
- The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.
- Location
- The position of anything on Earth's surface.
- Migration
- Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
- Heartland
- the central region of a country or continent
- Ethnic Cleansing
- Process in which more powerful group forcibly removes a less powerful one in orderto create an ethnically homogenous region
- Compact States
- A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
- European Union
- an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
- Plantation Agriculture
- raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export
- Multiple Nuclei Model
- A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
- Climate
- the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
- Ethnocentrism
- belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
- Mining
- the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth
- Random Pattern
- no specific order or logic behind its arrangement
- Pull Factors
- Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
- Judaism
- the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
- Nonrenewable
- A resource a resource that can not be replaced within a short period of time
- Globalization
- Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
- Teritary Sector
- the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities.
- Elongated States
- A state with a long narrow shape
- Cartography
- the science of making maps
- Gnomic Projection
- displays all great circles as straight lines
- Population Momentum
- built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age
- Decolonization
- the action of changing from colonial to independent status
- Technology Transfer
- the trading of technology from place to place
- Caste System
- a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity
- Decentralization
- the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments
- Natural Increase Rate
- The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as a crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
- Animism
- Belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events liike thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life
- Colonial City
- City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers.
- Projection
- The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
- Vernacular Region
- An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity
- Population
- the people who inhabit a territory or state
- Census Tract
- An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
- Less Developed Countries (LDC)
- a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
- Air Pollution
- Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ntrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particulates at a greater level then occurs in average air
- Hinduism
- A body of religious and philosophical beliefs native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation
- Language Group
- A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativly few differences in grammer and vocabulary
- Fertility Rate
- the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
- Aluminum Industry
- manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
- Cultural Adaptation
- Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
- Survey Systems
- pattern of land division used in an area
- Ethnic Conflict
- type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
- Perforated state
- a state that completely surrounds another one
- Absolute Direction
- a compass direction such as north or south
- Buffer State
- a small neutral state between two rival powers
- Map Scale
- indicates the relationship between the distances on the actual distances on the earth.
- Centripetal
- An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state rather than divide them
- Sharia Law
- the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
- Gross Domestic Product
- The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period
- Religious Conflict
- this is the conflicts between religions. Israel-Palestine
- Gravity Model
- A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and decreases equally the further from the location.
- Internal Migration
- Permanent movement within a particular country
- Universalizing
- A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location
- International Date Line
- An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing lands.
- 5th Pillar of Islam
- Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
- GIS
- A computer system that organizes analyzes and displays geographic data
- More Developed Countries (MDC)
- a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
- Nation
- a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
- Christianity
- a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
- Commercial Agriculture
- Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
- Nation State
- A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
- Acculturation
- the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
- Manifest Destiny
- a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
- Arithmetic Density
- The total number of people divided by the total land area
- Territorial Disputes
- Any dispute over land ownership
- Agricultural Density
- The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
- Adaptive Strategies
- a group's system of economic production; key factor in shaping their culture; dependent on environment & technology
- Social Distance
- the extent to which members of one culture have contact with members of another culture
- Urbanization
- movement of people from rural areas to cities
- Emigrate
- Migration from a location
- Ozone Depletion
- thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
- Interfaith Boundaries
- boundaries between the major religions
- Acid Rain
- rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions combine with water
- Ecumene
- The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
- Guest Workers
- Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of in search of higher-paying jobs.
- Islam
- the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
- 4th Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth Rate and Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Low Zero Population Growth More Developed Country
- Dowry
- a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage
- Multi-ethnic State
- Sate that contains more than one ethnicity.
- Graphic Scale
- A ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to actual ground distances
- Network
- an interconnected system of things or people
- Centrifugal
- An attitude that tends to create separation from centralization of authority rather than pulling them together.
- Deindustrialization
- loss of the industrial activity in a region
- Stateless Nation
- A nationality that is not represented by a state.
- GPS
- A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and recievers
- Maquiladora
- Mexican factorys that assemble parts to make product for export
- Space Time Compression
- The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
- Self-Determination
- Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
- Ethnic Group
- Belonging or deriving from the cultural racial, religious, or linguistic traditions of a people or country
- Ethnic Neighborhood
- an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
- Fractional Scale
- The ratio between two sets of dimensions.
- 4th Pillar of Islam
- Ritual fast during the holy month of Ramadan
- Fragmented States
- A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
- 2nd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
- Birth Rate High. Death Rate Declining Natural Increase Rate High Less Developed Country
- Longitude
- The numbering system used to indicate the location of the meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
- Folklore
- the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture
- Renewable
- A resource that can be replaced in a short period of time.
- Devolution
- the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
- Human Geography
- concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment.
- Remote Sensing
- The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
- Technology Gap
- The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
- Gender Gap
- A major gap in between the two genders
- Equinox
- the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21
- Continents
- One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
- Culture
- The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions
- Constrictive Population pyramid
- population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people
- First Agricultural Revolution
- 10,000 years ago achieved plant and animal domestication
- Density
- The frequency with which something exists withen a given unit
- Ghetto
- a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
- Pastoral Nomad
- A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
- Multilingual
- using or knowing more then one language
- 3rd Pillar of Islam
- giving alms to the poor
- Ethnic Homeland
- inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
- Traditional Architecture
- traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
- Shia
- the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed
- Rain Shadow
- an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it
- Economic Sector
- a segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation
- Sunni
- a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
- Orographic Effect
- the precipitation that occurs when moist air rises up the sides of a mountain. as the air rises, it cools down and releases most of its moisture as rain or snow
- Enfranchisement
- a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
- Solstice
- either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point.
- Suburb
- a residential district located on the outskirts of a city
- Diffusion
- The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
- Demographic Transition Model
- A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
- 5 Pillars of Islam
- the principles by which Muslims live their lives
- Hearth
- The region in which innovative ideas originate
- Sector Model
- A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district
- Supranational Organization
- Extending beyond or transcending established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations:
- Assimilation
- The merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups not involving biological amalgamation
- Official Language
- The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
- Collective Farm
- government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov't
- Domino Theory
- the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
- Landlocked
- A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
- Formal Region
- An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
- Site
- The physical Character of a place
- Push Factors
- Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
- Energy Resources
- Natural resources that can be converted into energy
- Frontier
- A zone separating two states in which neither state excersicers political control
- Commercialization
- the act of commercializing something
- Sector Model
- A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
- Development
- the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
- Blockbusting
- Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area
- Absolute Location
- location of places with respect to a fixed grid or reference system such as latitude and longitude
- Slum
- a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions
- Language
- A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
- One Child Policy
- Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980
- Nationalism
- Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
- Statistical Map
- a graphic representation of elements of importance or interest pertaining to a theme
- Confucianism
- the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity
- Reunification
- the act of coming together again
- Altaic Language
- a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
- Law of the Sea
- Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
- Suburbanization
- The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.
- Planned Economy
- an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability.
- Creole
- A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
- Core
- a small group of indispensable persons or things
- Theocracy
- the belief in government by divine guidance
- Human Development Index
- Indicator level of the development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
- Animal Domestication
- genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
- Industrial Revolution
- A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
- 1st Pillar of Islam
- There is no other God except Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger."
- Natural Boundary
- When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary
- Central Business District
- The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
- Exclave
- a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
- Balkanize
- the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
- Cultural Landscape
- a landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture
- Centralized Pattern
- clustered or concentrated at a certain place
- Language Subfamily
- a smaller group of related languages within a language family
- Quotas
- In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
- Spatial
- pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space
- Taoism
- A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.
- Goode's Homolosine Projection
- Shows continents but distorts ocean
- Land Ordinance of 1785
- A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
- Inner City
- the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city
- Equator
- an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
- Multinational State
- state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
- Contagious Diffusion
- The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
- Physical Attributes
- a quality or feature of something
- Third World
- The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries.
- Annexation
- Legally adding land area to a city in the united states
- Ecotourism
- tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
- Life Expectancy
- Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
- Crude Birth Rate
- The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
- Mediterranean Agriculture
- Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
- Robinson Map Projections
- A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once
- Periphery
- the outside boundary or surface of something
- Landforms
- shape on Earth's surface, such as hills and mountains
- Primate City
- a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy
- Crude Death Rate
- The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
- Choropleth Map
- a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
- Central Place Theory
- A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services
- Space
- the physical gap or interval between two objects
- Prime Meridian
- the meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich England
- Climatic Zones
- any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude
- Projection Scale
- A method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane.
- Toponym
- The name given to a portion of earth's surface
- Lingua Franca
- A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
- Population Density
- the number of individuals per unit area
- Dialect
- A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
- Connectivity
- the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
- Gross National Product
- The value of the total output of goods and services produced nationally in a given period of time
- Weather
- Temperatures and climate
- Energy Consumption
- The consuming of energy
- Nonmaterial culture
- ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior
- State
- An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
- Hinterland
- a remote and undeveloped area located around an urban area
- Concentric Zone Model
- A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
- Latitude
- The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
- Megacities
- cities with populations of ten million or more