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Honors Geography Final SLHS

Terms

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Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
3rd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
Birth Rate Declining. Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Moderate Developing Country
Core-periphery Model
maintained that the world can be divided into four types of region.
Segregation
the act of segregating or sequestering
Fossil Fuel
energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
Material Culture
The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
Squatter Settlement
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
Rank Size Rule
A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Maladaptive Diffusion
Diffusion of a process with negative side effects
Distance Decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual dissappearence of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Situation
The location of a place relative to other places
Enclave
an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
Place
a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
Planned Communities
A city built to a definite plan
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
Mormonism
the doctrines and practices of the Mormon Church based on the Book of Mormon
Ethnicity
Identity with a group of people that share distict physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
Assembly Line Production
workers performed a single task repetitively
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area
Centralization
the act of consolidating power under a central control
Infanticide
kill infants of other males
Scale
The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth's surface
Von Thunen's model
Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a commercial economy that is similar to the concentric model
City State
A soverign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
Dispersion
the spatial property of being scattered about over an area or volume
Apartheid
Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas
Accessibility
the ease of getting to a place; a variable quality of location
Stimulus Diffusion
the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
Thematic Map
shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...
2nd Pillar of Islam
Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
Greenhouse Effect
warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere
Hunting and Gathering
To chase or search for game/to bring together into one group
Ethnic Religion
a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it
Ethnic Enclave
a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture
Secularism
secular opinion or belief, especially a system following a political or social philosophy that rejects religious faith
Stationary Population Pyramid
A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality
Gender
a social distinction based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate appearance, behavior, and mental or emotional characteristics for males and females
Cultural identity
the connection the people of the same culture feel with one another
Infrastructure
the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area
Solar Energy
Energy generated by the Sun
Agribusiness
commercial firms that have developed w/ or stemmed out of agriculture
Microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
Monotheism
practice of believing in one god
Polytheism
practice of believing in more then one god
Cultural Ecology
Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Reincarnation
a second or new birth
Doubling Rate
numbers that it takes a population to double in size
Suffrage
The right or privilege of voting.
Hierarchical Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Land Area
the amount of land inside the borders of a state or country
Forms of Map Scale
1. Fractional 2. Written 3. Graphic
Isoline
line connecting points on a map having some similar feature
Relative Distance
A measure of distance using known locations and direction in reference to other known locations.
Sacred Space
Places sacred to certain groups
Functional Region
An area organized around a nodal or focal point
Friction of Distance
A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between 2 places.
Agglomeration
the act of collecting in a mass
Plural Society
a society in which different cultural groupls keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions
Satellite State
Country controlled by a more powerful nation
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammer and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Megalopolis
a very large urban complex (usually involving several cities and towns)
Map
A two dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Environmental Determinism
An earlier approach to the study of geography. It was the study of how physical environment caused human activities
Mercator Projection
true shapes of landmasses but distorts the size
Physical Boundary
Political Boundaries that correspond with physical features such as mountains or rivers.
Biomass Fuel
Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service
Immigration
migration to a new location
Chain migration
migration of people to a specific location becasue relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Four ways to define a location
1. Place Name 2. Site 3. Situation 4. Mathematical Location
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Mental Map
An internal representation of a portion of earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place,containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
Ethnic Diversity
Differences among groups of people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs
Prorupted State
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
Third Agricultural Revolution
currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms
Physical Features
The physical aspect of a country or region
Language Family
A collectio of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Green Revolution
the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity
Expansive Population Pyramid
A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people
Popular Culture
widely shared beliefs, tastes, goals, and practices
Brain Drain
Large-scale emigration by talented people
Relative Location
a location of a place in relationship to the features around it
Grid
a network of horizontal and vertical lines that provide coordinates for locating points on an image
Overpopulation
the number of people in an area exceeds that capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Seasons
The four cycles of weather and temperature
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
a form of subsistance agriculture that requires larg amounts of labor to make the largest crop possible on small plots of land
Cartogram Map
A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map
Counter- urbanization
net migration for urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
1st Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
Birth rate and Death Rate Low. Natural Increase Rate Low Stone Age Period of Development
Buddhism
a religion represented by the many groups (especially in Asia) that profess various forms of the Buddhist doctrine and that venerate Buddha
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
Second Agricultural Revolution
In the 19th c. allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories.
Consolidation
something that has consolidated into a compact mass
Folk Culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.
Capital
wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value
Size
the physical magnitude of something (how big it is)
Region
an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Infant Mortality Rate
the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births
Outsourcing
The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
Geopolitics
the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state
Agriculture
the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
Absolute Distance
The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer.
Location
The position of anything on Earth's surface.
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Heartland
the central region of a country or continent
Ethnic Cleansing
Process in which more powerful group forcibly removes a less powerful one in orderto create an ethnically homogenous region
Compact States
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
European Union
an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Plantation Agriculture
raising a large amount of a "cash crop" for local sale or export
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
Climate
the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time
Ethnocentrism
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
Mining
the act of extracting ores or coal etc from the earth
Random Pattern
no specific order or logic behind its arrangement
Pull Factors
Factors that induce people to move to a new location.
Judaism
the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud
Nonrenewable
A resource a resource that can not be replaced within a short period of time
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
Teritary Sector
the portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities.
Elongated States
A state with a long narrow shape
Cartography
the science of making maps
Gnomic Projection
displays all great circles as straight lines
Population Momentum
built-in potential for population growth due to a large number of individuals entering reproductive age
Decolonization
the action of changing from colonial to independent status
Technology Transfer
the trading of technology from place to place
Caste System
a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity
Decentralization
the spread of power away from the center to local branches or governments
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as a crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Animism
Belief that objects such as plants and stones or natural events liike thunderstorms and earthquakes have a discrete spirit and conscious life
Colonial City
City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers.
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
Vernacular Region
An area that people believe to exsist as part of their cultural identity
Population
the people who inhabit a territory or state
Census Tract
An area deliniated by the us beureau of the census for which statisitcs are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods
Less Developed Countries (LDC)
a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Air Pollution
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, ntrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and solid particulates at a greater level then occurs in average air
Hinduism
A body of religious and philosophical beliefs native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation
Language Group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display relativly few differences in grammer and vocabulary
Fertility Rate
the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime
Aluminum Industry
manufacturers of aluminum considered as a group
Cultural Adaptation
Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
Survey Systems
pattern of land division used in an area
Ethnic Conflict
type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
Perforated state
a state that completely surrounds another one
Absolute Direction
a compass direction such as north or south
Buffer State
a small neutral state between two rival powers
Map Scale
indicates the relationship between the distances on the actual distances on the earth.
Centripetal
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state rather than divide them
Sharia Law
the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed
Gross Domestic Product
The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period
Religious Conflict
this is the conflicts between religions. Israel-Palestine
Gravity Model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and decreases equally the further from the location.
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
Universalizing
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people not just those living in a particular location
International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing lands.
5th Pillar of Islam
Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
GIS
A computer system that organizes analyzes and displays geographic data
More Developed Countries (MDC)
a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
Nation
a group of people with a common culture living in a territory and having a strong sense of unity
Christianity
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
Commercial Agriculture
Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.
Nation State
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Acculturation
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
Manifest Destiny
a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God)
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Territorial Disputes
Any dispute over land ownership
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.
Adaptive Strategies
a group's system of economic production; key factor in shaping their culture; dependent on environment & technology
Social Distance
the extent to which members of one culture have contact with members of another culture
Urbanization
movement of people from rural areas to cities
Emigrate
Migration from a location
Ozone Depletion
thinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
Interfaith Boundaries
boundaries between the major religions
Acid Rain
rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions combine with water
Ecumene
The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Guest Workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of in search of higher-paying jobs.
Islam
the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
4th Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
Birth Rate and Death Rate Low Natural Increase Rate Low Zero Population Growth More Developed Country
Dowry
a sum of money given by the wife's family to the husband upon marriage
Multi-ethnic State
Sate that contains more than one ethnicity.
Graphic Scale
A ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map to actual ground distances
Network
an interconnected system of things or people
Centrifugal
An attitude that tends to create separation from centralization of authority rather than pulling them together.
Deindustrialization
loss of the industrial activity in a region
Stateless Nation
A nationality that is not represented by a state.
GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on earth through a series of satellite tracking stations and recievers
Maquiladora
Mexican factorys that assemble parts to make product for export
Space Time Compression
The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Self-Determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Ethnic Group
Belonging or deriving from the cultural racial, religious, or linguistic traditions of a people or country
Ethnic Neighborhood
an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background
Fractional Scale
The ratio between two sets of dimensions.
4th Pillar of Islam
Ritual fast during the holy month of Ramadan
Fragmented States
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
2nd Stage of the Demographic Transition Model
Birth Rate High. Death Rate Declining Natural Increase Rate High Less Developed Country
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of the meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
Folklore
the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture
Renewable
A resource that can be replaced in a short period of time.
Devolution
the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Human Geography
concentrates on patterns of human activity and on their relationships with the environment.
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Technology Gap
The contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment.
Gender Gap
A major gap in between the two genders
Equinox
the time when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator, making night and day of approximately equal length all over the earth and occurring about March 21
Continents
One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct traditions
Constrictive Population pyramid
population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people
First Agricultural Revolution
10,000 years ago achieved plant and animal domestication
Density
The frequency with which something exists withen a given unit
Ghetto
a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions
Pastoral Nomad
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
Multilingual
using or knowing more then one language
3rd Pillar of Islam
giving alms to the poor
Ethnic Homeland
inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercises some measure of political and social control over it
Traditional Architecture
traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
Shia
the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed
Rain Shadow
an area that has little precipitation because some barrier causes the winds to lose their moisture before reaching it
Economic Sector
a segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation
Sunni
a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad
Orographic Effect
the precipitation that occurs when moist air rises up the sides of a mountain. as the air rises, it cools down and releases most of its moisture as rain or snow
Enfranchisement
a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)
Solstice
either of the two times a year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the celestial equator: about June 21, when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the celestial sphere, or about December 22, when it reaches its southernmost point.
Suburb
a residential district located on the outskirts of a city
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
5 Pillars of Islam
the principles by which Muslims live their lives
Hearth
The region in which innovative ideas originate
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the central business district
Supranational Organization
Extending beyond or transcending established borders or spheres of influence held by separate nations:
Assimilation
The merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups not involving biological amalgamation
Official Language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
Collective Farm
government-owned farms and employed large numbers of workers; all crops distributed by the gov't
Domino Theory
the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
Landlocked
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
Formal Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
Site
The physical Character of a place
Push Factors
Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
Energy Resources
Natural resources that can be converted into energy
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state excersicers political control
Commercialization
the act of commercializing something
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
Development
the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful
Blockbusting
Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area
Absolute Location
location of places with respect to a fixed grid or reference system such as latitude and longitude
Slum
a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
One Child Policy
Act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside created in 1980
Nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
Statistical Map
a graphic representation of elements of importance or interest pertaining to a theme
Confucianism
the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity
Reunification
the act of coming together again
Altaic Language
a group of related languages spoken in Asia and southeastern Europe
Law of the Sea
Law establishing states rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
Suburbanization
The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.
Planned Economy
an economy in which government directs the use of national resources and regulates the economy to achieve both goals and stability.
Creole
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Core
a small group of indispensable persons or things
Theocracy
the belief in government by divine guidance
Human Development Index
Indicator level of the development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy
Animal Domestication
genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
1st Pillar of Islam
There is no other God except Allah, and Muhammad is His Messenger."
Natural Boundary
When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary
Central Business District
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
Exclave
a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Balkanize
the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
Cultural Landscape
a landscape that has been changed by human beings and that reflects their culture
Centralized Pattern
clustered or concentrated at a certain place
Language Subfamily
a smaller group of related languages within a language family
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Spatial
pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space
Taoism
A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.
Goode's Homolosine Projection
Shows continents but distorts ocean
Land Ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.
Inner City
the older and more populated and (usually) poorer central section of a city
Equator
an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles
Multinational State
state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Physical Attributes
a quality or feature of something
Third World
The region of the world containing a high concentration of underdeveloped or emergent countries.
Annexation
Legally adding land area to a city in the united states
Ecotourism
tourism to exotic or threatened ecosystems to observe wildlife or to help preserve nature
Life Expectancy
Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Crude Birth Rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Mediterranean Agriculture
Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails
Robinson Map Projections
A map projection of a world map, which shows the entire world at once
Periphery
the outside boundary or surface of something
Landforms
shape on Earth's surface, such as hills and mountains
Primate City
a city that ranks first in a nation in terms of population and economy
Crude Death Rate
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Choropleth Map
a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services
Space
the physical gap or interval between two objects
Prime Meridian
the meridian designated as 0 degrees longitude which passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich England
Climatic Zones
any of the geographical zones loosely divided according to prevailing climate and latitude
Projection Scale
A method of representing the surface of a sphere or other shape on a plane.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of earth's surface
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Population Density
the number of individuals per unit area
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Connectivity
the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
Gross National Product
The value of the total output of goods and services produced nationally in a given period of time
Weather
Temperatures and climate
Energy Consumption
The consuming of energy
Nonmaterial culture
ideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior
State
An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
Hinterland
a remote and undeveloped area located around an urban area
Concentric Zone Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Megacities
cities with populations of ten million or more

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