The Reformation
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- Which English monarch attempted to reinstate Roman Catholicism?
- Mary I (Bloody Mary)
- What type of art reflected the spirit of the Catholic (or Counter) Reformation?
- baroque
- What did the Council of Trent say about church language and the Bible?
- Speak Latin & use the Vulgate
- Why would the printers' guild have supported the reformation?
- economic stake, literate & sophisticated, often opposed to gov't
- What is baroque art designed to do?
- get an emotional reaction
- What was the Jubilee Indulgence supposed to pay for?
- new St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome
- Why did the political structure of Germany and Switzerland make them easier to reform?
- small territories governed by princes instead of sovereign monarchies
- Why did Zwingli (Reformation leader in Switz.) feel penance was unnecessary?
- Christ had already borne the pain for our sins
- Where did Luther first defend his 95 Theses?
- At the Disputation of Leipzig (vs. Eck)
- What agreement made Catholicism the official religion of France?
- Concordat of Bologna
- According to Calvin, who were the elect?
- Those predestined for salvation
- What did catholics & Protestants call unbelievers from the other side?
- heretics & papists
- List 3 ways in which the Catholic Church tried to stop the influence of the Protestant Reformation.
- Council of Trent, formation of the Jesuits, the extension of the inquisition & Index
- List some of the major causes of the protestant Reformation.
- church abuses, indulgences, printing press, "Renaissance" spirit, decline of papacy, new merchant class, etc
- What kept Charles V from dealing with Luther quickly & efficiently?
- He was always at war (w/ the Valois(Fr), Ottomans) and busy solidifying his large empire
- Who was the founder of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus)?
- Ignatius Loyola
- What were some of the major beliefs of the Anabaptists?
- baptism by immersion, separation of church & state, equality, communal ownership of property
- Which 2 sacraments did Luther keep?
- 2-baptism & the eucharest
- Under which monarch did England become truly Protestant (theologically)?
- Edward VI
- Who said: "We are all eqaul in the eyes of God, members of the Priesthood of all believers."?
- Luther
- List three components of Calvin's strict moral code.
- no drinking, no dancing, no plays, religious music in taverns
- What league did some of the German Protestant states form for economic gain & mutual protection?
- Schmalkaldic
- What act by the Roman Catholic Church inspired Luther's 95 Theses?
- selling of indulgences
- What did the benefice system allow the laity to do?
- Buy desireable church offices & benefit economically
- Who did Luther side with in the Peasant Revolts in Germany?
- German nobility
- How did Calvin attempt to create his theocracy known as the 'new Jerusalem"?
- a strict moral code
- What issue kept the German & Swiss Reformations from uniting?
- the eucharest
- What religious group did both Lutherans & Catholics despise?
- Anabaptists
- What gave the German princes official control over religion in the German states?
- the Peace of Augsburg
- What did Martin Luther's parents want him to do as an occupation?
- to be a lawyer
- Name the major Protestant group in each of the following areas: England, Scotland, Switzerland, North Germany
- Anglicans, Puritans, Calvinists, Lutherans
- Where did the Council of Trent place church tradition to scripture?
- on equal footing
- What percentage of protestant converts were "reconverted" by the catholic Reformation?
- over 50
- What happened when Calvin tried to "reform" Geneva the first time?
- exiled to Strasbourg
- Why did the geography of Germany and Switzerland make them easier to reform?
- Far from Italy, divided into small parts
- What was the main reason Henry VIII started the English Reformation?
- he wnated an annulment from Catherine of Aragon
- Who were some of the great medieval reformers that pre-dated Luther?
- Jan Huss & John Wycliffe
- What pushed Luther to "discover" justification by faith alone?
- His own feelings of unworthiness
- How did Luther respond to the charges brought against him at the Diet of Worms?
- "Here I Stand, I Van Do No Other" would not change
- What did the reformation offer peasants?
- political & religious liberation, social betterment