History Terms
Terms
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- John Knox
- Dominated movement in reformation fir Scotland, passionate preacher structured the church with a Calvin model
- the Tuileries
- a castle built by Henry II for his wife, Catherine De'Medici
- Edict of Restitution
- all Catholic Properties lost to Protestanism since 1552 were to be restored and only Catholics and Lutherans could practice thier faith
- humanism
- Emphasis on human beings, their achievements, and capabilities
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Plotted against Elizabeth I's life but was evetually exected by her by having her head chopped off, Phillip II supported her
- Dates of Thirty Years' War
- 1618-1648
- Consubstantiation
- Luther argued that bread and wine were not transformed but Christ was there
- Queen Margaret
- regent of the Netherlands, tried to wipe out protestatism, resigned because of Alva's actions
- Renaissance
- Cultural achievements of the 14th-16th centuries
- St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
- was going to be the wedding of Margret of Valois to Henry of Navarre, intended to reconcile Hugenaughts and Catholics, about 12,000 Huguenaughts were killed
- politiques
- believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could save France, small group of moderates of both faiths
- Protestant
- Protests drawn up by a small group of reformers
- Charles V
- captured by Pope and was Katherine's ally so pope would not grant Henry VIII a divorce
- individualism
- Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of ones capabilities and talents
- communes
- Sworn associations of men that wanted independence from noble
- Henry VIII
- King who reformed England and started Anglican Church, had 6 wives, one son, 2 daughters
- Anabaptists
- to baptize again, only adults could make religious choices, independent churches who ran their own affairs
- a republic
- Power in the peoples hands
- The Imitation of Christ
- by Thomas a Kempis, wide appeal among laypeople
- the Peasant Revolt
- peasants were unhappy with living conditions so they revolted
- Sola Scriptura
- only scripture can save us
- Preacherships
- educated men that had to deliver at least 100 sermons 45 minutes long a year in an attempt to fix the churches
- popolo
- Disenfranchised and heavily taxes, bitterly resented their exclusion from power, took over
- the Low Countries
- sites for the exchange in products between Baltic and Italy, was a big exchange place for the countries around it, had a limited sense of federation
- Act of Restraint of Appeals
- Stated the King was the supreme power of the land, forbad judicial appeal to papacy, made the crown the highest authority in the land, passed in 1534
- War of the Three Henrys
- civil conflict among factions lead by Catholic Henry of Guise, Protestant Henry of Naverrre, and King Henry III, Guise wanted Henry III replaced
- the Ursuline Order and Society of Jesus
- a school of Nuns, gave women a superior education, founded by Ignatius Loyola who helped establish the Protestant Church
- Book of Common Prayer
- included order of services for the Church of England, written by Thomas Cranmer
- princely courts
- Gave oligarchy opportunity to display and assert wealth and power
- Cranmer
- Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote the Book of Common Prayer
- Huguenots
- French Calvanists
- Lord's Supper
- memorial of last supper
- balance of power
- One city state goes to war, the others protect the defensive side
- Peace of Westphalia
- signaled the end of medieval ideals, 1648, settlement between Catholics and Protestants ended 30 years war
- the Sforza family
- Duke of Milan
- the Medici family
- Banking family, rule behind the scenes but had no real ruling position, from Florence
- Pope Alexander VI
- Reasserted papal authority in papal lands
- Luther
- Launched Protestant reformation, theologian, started Lutheranism
- Prince William of Orange
- called the silent because of his remarkable discreation, founder of the United Provinces
- Holy Office
- Established by Pope Paul II, authority over Roman Inquisition, published the Index of Prohibited books
- Concordat of Bologna
- Francis agreed to recongize the supremacy of the papacy over universal council and gave the crown the right to appoint bishops
- Nobility of the Robe
- the people/families who bought public offices and were exempt from taxes and the crowns jurisdiction
- The Institututes of the Christian Religion
- By Calvin, published in 1536, issued in 1559, theology in belief that absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God, weakness of humanity, cornerstone of Calvin's theology
- Transubstantiation
- by concentrating on priests words, communion becomes actual blood and body of Christ, Christ is present
- famous commercial cities in Italy
- Venice, Genoa, Milan
- Mary Tudor
- Daughter of Henry VIII, brief reign, took England back to Catholicism, married her cousin Philip of Spain, was executed by sister Elizabeth
- Zwingli
- reformer, started Anglican church
- The five big city-states .
- Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, and Kingdom of Naples
- Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
- Ended Hapsburg-Valois war, between France and Spain, Spainsih won ended era of strictly dynastic wars, began political/religious conflicts
- the Louvre
- Palace commisioned by Francis I, had Pierre Lescot to rebuild it, contained the Mona Lisa, had one of Michaelangelo's star pupils decorate the wings
- Council of Blood
- by Duke of Avla, executed 1500 men, his own form of the inquisition
- Henry IV of France
- Henry of Navarre, took the throne after assasination of Henry of Guise and Henry III wanted to unite France and accept the RCC, restored France
- Predestination
- God has predestined the outcome of each humans life already
- The Prince
- By Machiavelli, Caesar Borgia is the hero of this book
- Edict of Nantes
- by Henry IV, granted the Hugenots liberty of conscience and public worship in 150 fortified towns, prepared the way for French abosultism by restoring internal peace
- Philip II of Spain
- Son of Charles V, emporer of Spain, shifted Hapsburg empire to there
- Presbyterian Church of Scotland
- governed by ministers, started by John Knox, Calvinist doctrine, Book of Common Order (1564) liturgical directory
- Jesuits
- members for Society of Jesus, followers of Loyola, thought that the reformation was a pastoral problem, their goal was to "help souls"
- The Hapsburg-Valois War
- Serious of conflicts beginning in 1522 in Italy, between French and Germans
- Indulgence
- people must fix wrongs and repent, god is merciful/just, Christ and Saints established treasury of merits, and church has power to grant sinners spiritual merits
- Benefices
- church offices
- Elizabethan Settlement
- Parliamentary legislation of early years of Elizabeth's reign, outward conformity to Church of England
- the Duke of Alva
- used the troops that Phillip II sent to ruthlessly exterminate religous and political dissent, 10% sales tax on all transactions
- Counter Reformation
- RCC's comeback, RCC's efforts to convince dissident/ heretics to rejoin the RCC
- Francesco Petrarch
- Poet and humanist, believed that he was living in a new age
- Peace of Augsburg
- recognized Lutheranism signed by Charles V in 1555
- the year of the Spanish Armada
- 1588
- Bohemia
- first phase of the 30 years war, was Bohemian Phase, their civil war
- King Francis I of France
- 1515-1547. governed through small efficient council, put all of France under jurisdiction of courts, appointed baillis and seneschals to excercise power
- Calvin
- Reformer, Protestant reformer, "organizer of protestant reformation"
- the taille
- tax on land in France under Louis V
- Diet of Worms
- Pope put together this council and ordered Luther to appear before it
- signori
- One man ruler, despot
- Gustavus Adolphus
- Swedish King, won Swedish phase, devout Lutheran, supported Protestantism, brought Denmark, Poland, Finland, and smaller Balitic States under Swedish
- Pluralism
- to hold more than one church office at a time
- oligarchies
- Rule of merchants and aristocrats
- Pope Sixtus V
- 1585-1590, promised Phillip II one million gold ducetsthe moment he landed in England