Earlier 19th Century
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- Indian Removal Act
- 1830-Cherokees lived on valuable cotton growing land, white Georgians passed laws to evict them b/c they found gold in N Georgia, when Indians didn't move Jackson sent troops to expel them and pursue them int Wisconsin territory
- James K. Polk
- President known for promoting Manifest Destiny, 54'40' or Fight slogan, Dem's wanted this border between Canada and Oregon, finally settled for 49' latitude in 1846
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870
- Jacksonian Democracy
- 1829-1841many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement, initially called Democratic Republicans but later became democrats, hostile to business corps and Clay's American system won support among artisans who felt threatened by industrialization
- Corrupt Bargain
- charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State
- Mexican War: results
- U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S.
- Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
- 1837, modified C.J. Marshall's ruling in the Darmouth College Case of 1819, which said that a state could not make laws infringing on the charters of private organizations
- William Lloyd Garrison
- 1805-1879 abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831, quotable and inflammatory language, attacked everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, advocated northern secession
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest
- Republic of Texas
- Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 184
- Treaty of Ghent
- 1814, Ended War of 1812 and restored status quo, territory captured in war was returned to original owner, set up commission to determine disputed Canada/US Border
- Force Bill
- 1833, authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act
- South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification
- When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them, SC passed an ordinance forbidding collection of tariff duties in the state
- Whigs
- conservatives, popular w/ pro Bank people and plantation owners, mainly came from Ntnl Republican Party, which used to be Feds, took name from British party that had opposed King George during Revolution, policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, Clay's American system, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster
- Annexation of Texas
- U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office
- Andrew Jackson
- Jacksonian Revolution of 1828, people thought he would make American Dream come true b/c he appointed common people to govt positions, first non-aristocrat to be elected pres, election was revolution of "common man"
- Ralph Waldo Emerson
- 1803-1882, pioneered transcendentalism, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays, reputation as first-rate poet, wrote and spoke on behalf of abolitionists
- Tariff of Abominations
- 1828, raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs
- Commonwealth v. Hunt
- 1842 first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members
- Worcester vs. Georgia
- 1832 - Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries, the Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court
- Oregon Treaty of 1846
- established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along the 49th parallel, extended from Rocky Mountains to Pacific Ocean
- Joseph Smith
- Founded Mormons in NY in 1830, announced that God sanctioned polygamy which split the Mormons and led to uprising against them, translated Book of Mormon
- Slidell Mission
- John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him
- Salt Lake City
- Brigham Young led Mormons here in 1847 to escape persecution, believed in polygamy and strong social order
- Frederick Douglass
- 1817-1895 self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star
- Henry David Thoreau
- 1817-1862, transcendentalist and friend of Emerson, lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden, in essay "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance)
- Gadsen Purchase
- 1853 - After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo was signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as part of Mexico, Pres Pierce instructed James Gadsen to draw up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad
- Hudson River School of Art
- led by Thomas Cole, 1825, painted landscapes w/ mystical overtones
- Jefferson's Inaugural Address
- "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans" Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts
- Lucretia Mott
- early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage, with Stanton she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848
- Midnight Judges
- On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts in an effort to maintain Federalist control of the government,
- Causes of the War of 1812
- British impressment of sailors, Britain views France as obstacle to land, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada
- Manifest Destiny
- Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific.
- Henry Clay's American System
- 1) protective tariff to stimulate manufacturing, 2) federally subsidized raods and canals to aid commerce, 3) national bank to control credit and provide uniform currency (2nd Bank of US) ; nationalistic program popular in West but criticized in South which relied on rivers and didn't have manufacturing industries to protect
- Shakers
- group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee, God was both male and female, were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist
- American Colonization Society
- Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa
- Rio Grande, Nueces River
- Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement
- Hartford Convention
- New England merchants wanted good relations w/ Britain and free trade, met at convention to protest war, Embargo Act, and US gov'ts restrictions on trade, proposed amendments to Consitution and advocated right of states to nullify federal laws, discussed idea of seceding if their desires were ignored, turned public sentiment against Feds
- Adams-Onis Treaty
- by John Quincy Adams, 1819 in which Spain gave U.S. Florida in exchange for US dropping its claim to Texas
- Grimke sisters
- Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement
- Embargo Act
- 1807, issued by Jefferson, forbade American trading ships from leaving the US, meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade, difficult to enforce
- Chesapeake Affair
- 1807, the British fourth-rate warship LeopardTemplate:WP Ships HMS instances attacked and boarded the American frigate Chesapeake, Americans enraged, one of the events leading up to War of 1812, caused Jefferson to turn to diplomatic and economic measures first
- John Marshall
- Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive
- Martin Van Buren
- Dem-Repub senator from NY, rallied factory workers of North in support of Jackson, became Jackson's vp after Calhoun resigned, leader of Albany Regency in NY, a clique of wealthy land-owners
- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
- 1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare, the Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government
- Marbury v. Madison
- case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments, Marbury, sued the Sect. of State, Madison, to obtain his commission, Supreme Court held that Madison need not deliver the commissions because the Congressional act that had created the new judgships violated the judiciary provisions of the Constitution, and was therefore unconstitutional and void, Marshall established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.
- Missouri Compromise
- Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36'30" latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states
- Jackson's legacy
- permanently expanded authority of nation's chief executive, upheld national authority by threatening use of military force, said president is direct representative of the people, reinvigorated Jeffersonian tradition of limited and frugal central gov't; 1) Democracy for common man, 2) destruction of native Americans, 3) destabilization of nation's currency, 4) destiny that is manifest
- Nativism
- anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics
- Democracy in America
- written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power
- Oneida Community
- group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children, everyone is married to everyone else, led by John Humphrey Noyes
- New Harmony
- A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up
- Mexican War: causes
- annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz
- Texas War for Independence
- After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid
- Emma Willard
- Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published Plan for Improving Female Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York
- Wilmot Proviso
- 1846 attached to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago, which barred slavery from territory acquired, South hated it, provoked first debates on slavery at federal level, principles of Proviso became core of Free Soil, later Republican Party
- Age of Common Man
- Jackson felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected
- Trail of Tears
- Cherokee Indian removal, minority had surrendered their Georgia land, during winter of 1838 they were evicted from homes and moved to Oklahoma Indian country
- Why war against Britain instead of France?
- Britain practiced impressment and was believed to be supplying weapons to the Indians on the frontier and encouraging them to attack the U.S., held land near the U.S. which the Americans hoped to acquire, and a war with Britain would allow the U.S. to seize Florida from Spain
- Monroe Doctrine
- 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S., declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe
- Louisiana Purchase
- 1803, US bought land from MS River to Rocky Mountains from Napolean for $15 million, Jefferson wanted it b/c it would give US MS River and New Orleans and room to expand, Napolean needed money for Euro campaigns and b/c rebellion against French in Haiti made him dislike idea of New World colonies, Jefferson used loose construction to justify purchase
- Protective Tariff
- 1816, helped American industry by raising prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and higher quality than those produced in the US
- Transcendentalists
- Emerson and Thoreau (1830s-1840s), each person has direct communication w/ God and nature no need for organized churches, promoted individualism, self-reliance, emotions; formed coops such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, where they lived and farmed w/ philosophy as their guide
- Abolitionism
- militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War
- Catherine Beecher
- writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young. She established two schools for women and emphasized better teacher training. She opposed women's suffrage
- Seneca Falls
- 1848, Site of the first modern women's right convention, Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage