DNA viruses

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What are the 10 DNA viruses?: 1. Five Herpes viruses
2. Hepatitis B
3. Adenovirus
4. Papovaviruses
5. Parvovirus
6. Poxviruses
What are the 5 DNA Herpes viruses?: 1. Herpes simplex
2. Varicella Zoster VZV
3. CMV
4. EBV
5. Human Herpes viruses 6/8
What are the 2 types of Herpes simplex HSV, what do they cause?: -Type 1: cold sores

-Type 2: genital herpes
Which of the 2 simplex herpes is more common?: Type 1
What is Whitlow?: Herpetic whitlow - sores on fingers.
How is Herpes simplex type 2 transmitted?: Via direct contact (sexual)
What are symptoms of genital herpes?: -may be Asymptomatic, or-
1. Vesicles, which pop and make painful lesions w/ crusting.
2. Recurrence - always a potential problem.
Who can get herpes?: Anyone
-Men it gives dysuria
-Infants get Herpes of the eye.
How is genital herpes diagnosed? (4 methods): 1. Culture - 100% specific and sensitive when vesicles still intact.
2. Immunological
3. Serological - most often used
4. PCR
When can culture be used to diagnose genital herpes?: ONLY when the vesicles are still intact; but they break within 24 hrs, so this is less useful.
What is VZV?: Varicella Zoster Virus
What does Varicella virus cause? What does Zoster virus cause?: -Chickenpox
-Shingles
What is Varicella gangrenosa?: Bad infection when kids scratch chicken pox and get infected.
How does Shingles occur?: The virus moves up the CNS, lays latent for a while, then moves down and causes a concentrated unilateral and very painful infection.
What is the characteristic feature of CMV?: Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions that resemble owl's eyes.
How do humans normally get exposed to CMV, what occurs? When does it become a problem?: -Through everyday contact; get vague flu symptoms, develop immunity, never knew it.
-Problem if Pregnant woman contracts it (fetal harm), or Immunocompromised patient.
What are the 3 diseases EBV can cause?: 1. Infectious mononucleosis (diagnose serologically)
2. Burkitt's lymphoma (usually in African children)
3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (usually in China)
What infection is HHV-6 known to cause, in whom? What are sympt? (Human Herpesvirus): Roseola, 6th disease, Childhood disease; Rash and high fever.
What 2 diseases may HHV-6 be associated with?: 1. Bone graft rejection
2. Multiple sclerosis
How is HHV-8 transmitted, and what is it suspected to cause?: 1. Transmit by blood
2. Kaposi's sarcoma - sores on mouth of Aid's patients.
Which 2 Hepatitis viruses are transmitted Fecal-oral? Are they chronic?: Hep A and E; not chronic.
What 3 Hepatitis viruses are trnsmtd via blood/body fluids? Are they chronic?: Hep B, C, D. Yes; can become chronic.
What is unique about Hep D?: It is incomplete; can only exist with Hepatitis B.
What is Hepatitis, and what are 5 non-hepvirus causes?: Just "Inflamed Liver"
1. Viral
2. Bacterial
3. Toxic Reaction
4. Drug-induced
5. Alcohol-induced
What are 7 symptoms of Hepatitis?: 1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Fatigue
4. Nausea
5. Jaundice
6. Hepatomegaly
7. Anorexia
What are 3 spcf non-hep causes of Hepatitis?: CMV, EBV, Leptospira.
How are the Hepatitis viruses diagnosed?: Serologically with Ag and Ab markers.
What is NECESSARY to diagnose the type of Hepatitis?: 1. Ab markers
2. History
What are the Adenoviruses causes of? What are they possibly related to?: 1. Cause respiratory tract and conjunctiva infections.
2. May relate to tendency for obesity.
What are the 2 Papovavirus types?: 1. HPV (human papilloma)
2. Polyomaviruses
What 3 ways can the HPV present?: 1. Common warts (flat/raised)
2. Plantar warts (on foot)
3. Genital warts
What does Genital warts do to women?: Puts them at a higher risk for cervical cancer; need frequent papsmears.
What are the 2 Polyomaviruses?: 1. JC Jesus Christ
2. BK Burger King
What does the JC virus cause?: Progressive multifocal encephalopathy.
What does the BK virus cause?: It's actually subclinical, and not associated w/ any syndrome.
What 3 diseases are caused by the Parvovirus?: 1. Fifth disease
2. Aplastic crisis in immunocomp
3. Fetal hydrops
What is Fifth disease? What are 2 common symptoms?: A childhood erythematous infection.
1. Slapped Cheek Appearance
2. High Fever
What is Fetal Hydrops?: The accumulation of fluid in the body of the fetus.
What are the 4 Poxviruses?: 1. Smallpox (aka Variola)
2. Vaccinia
3. Monkeypox/Tanapox
4. Molluscum contagiosum
Why do we still get educated re: Smallpox, despite eradication?: Because it has potential for bioterrorism.
What are 5 characteristics to remember re: Smallpox?: 1. VERY VERY infectious
2. Causes severe poxing
3. High fever
4. only 1/3 victims survive
5. Causes severe scarring
What is the Vaccinia virus?: The vaccine for smallpox!
What is known to be a carrier of Monkeypox?: Giant Gambian rats - no they are not cute.
What symptoms are associated w/ a Monkeypox infection?: Severe lesions and fever.
What is Molluscum contagiosum?: A rare STD that causes pox lesions on the genitals.
What are Prions? What were they previously called?: NOT Viruses; Malformed protein triggered by something. Don't respond to disinfectants, heat, or UV lite.
Prev, Slow viruses.
What is another name for Prions?: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)
What are the 4 TSEs?: 1. Kuru
2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
3. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow)
4. Chronic wasting disease.
What is Kuru, how was it transmitted?: First known Prion, found in New Guinea in cannibals who ate brains at funerals.
What does Creutz-Jakob do?: Infects the CNS/brain (all TSEs do)
What is Mad Cow disease?: A new variant of Creutz-Jakob; causes CNS abnormalities in Cows; when humans eat cow, transmitted.
What is Chronic wasting disease a problem in?: Deer
What is Guillain Barre syndrome? When does it occur?: An Ascending Paralysis that is an autoimmune disease and causes nerve demyelination via Ab.
-Follows EBV, CMV, and C. jejuni infections, possibly the flu vaccine as well!
What are the biggest organisms in medical microbiology? What are the smallest? What can be seen w/lite microscope? What can't?: -Parasites
-Viruses
Everything except Viruses.
what can't grow on artificial media?: -Chlamydia and rickettsiae
-Viruses
What is the only organism that doesn't have a cell membrane?: Viruses
What doesn't have a cell wall?: -Some parasites
-Mycoplasma
-Viruses
What is the process of culturing viruses?: 1. Inoculate .2-.5 ml specimen in a cell culture tube
2. Incubate at 33 or 37'C, maybe use roller drums.
3. Observe for growth.
What cultures the fastest? What cultures the slowest?: Fast: Herpes - 5 days at most.
Slow: CMV - up to 5 weeks.
What cultures are observed for Cytopathic effect (CPE)?: All except for:
-Influenza
-Parainfluenza
-Mumps
-Measles
-Rubella
What results are observed for identifying Influenza/Para/Mumps/Measles?: Hemadsorption - by using Guinea pig RBCs; use Rhesus RBCs for Measles.
What is Intereference used for identifying?: Rubella
What is Cytopathic effect used for detecting?: HSV, CMV, Varicella Zoster, Enteroviruses, Rhinoviruses, ADenoviruses,
Resp Synctial viruses.
Compare Hep A and B: -Transmission -Incubation -Type of disease: HepA: Fecal-oral trans, 2-6 wk incubation, Acute disease. -Rarely a Carrier
-aka Infectious Hepatitis.

HepB: Blood/fluid transm., 6-26 wk incubation, Acute OR Chronic disease.
-More commonly carrier state
-Aka, Serum Hepatitis
Which hepatitis virus is often tranmsmitted sexually?: Hep B
Which are the more common Hepatitis viruses seen?: Hep B - most
Hep A - 2nd
Which Hepatitises are there vaccines for?: Hep A and Hep B
Which hepatitis viruses are RNA vs. DNA?: RNA: A, C, D, E
DNA: only B
Where are the majority of HIV-infected people located?: In Subsaharan Africa - 70%
and half of those are women.
What is the leading cause of death in Africa?: AIDS
What population is most at risk for getting AIDS, -In the US -Worldwide: US: gay males
World: heterosexuals
How should hospital spills from an HIV-infected patient be cleaned?: with a 1:10 dilution of bleach.
What is the major immunological effect of HIV?: Destruction of CD4+ T cells; significant defect in cell mediated immunity.
What are 3 common stages in the progression of HIV?: 1. Asymptomatic, but HIV Ab+
2. Prodrome to AIDS - decreased Tcells, lymphadenop, Fever for over 3 mo. Fatigue/nightsweats
weight loss, diarrhea
Kaposi's sarcoma
What changes in symptoms occur in AIDS?: -Decreased T4 cells, lymphokines, macrophage functionality.
-Frequent opportunistic infctns.
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?: A metastesizing malignancy with red to purple skin blotches.
What are the 3 most common recurrent infection in AIDs?: -Pneumocystis jiroveci (U.S.)
-Tuberculosis (worldwide)
-Oropharyngeal candidiasis
Which lab method is used to -Screen for HIV -Confirm the test: Screen - ELISA
Confirm - Western blot
What is normal Th to Tc ratio? What is it in AIDS?: 2:1 normally
<1 in AIDS
What is the best test for prognosis/progression to AIDS? What is the best predictor of opportunistic infections?: -Viral load testing

-CD4 counts regularly

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