SOCIAL STUDIES final exam notecards

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Cartel: a group of independent producers whose goal it is to fix (set) prices, to limit supply and to limit competition.
Memeber of OPEC: recieve more for the oil they export.
Name the branches of Goverment: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
3rd amendment: no soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law
requirements to become a supreme court justice: Any citizen of the Republic of Belarus, who has a higher legal education and a good moral reputation, and who is 25 years of age or older, may become a judge.
Supreme_Court: the highest federal court in the United States
OPEC holds: members hold about 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves
4th amendment: the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affrimation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized
special jobs senate: yes or no:treaties, yes or no: people president reccomends for jobs (cabinet, supreme court, ambassador) holds trial for a gov't official who commits a crime against the country.
Name the branches of Goverment: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
The great compromise: A compromise was reached yesterday (June 29th, 1787) in Philadelphia combining the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan. This has been a major conflict for quite a while. The New Jersey Plan was debated for four days, but the larger states rejected it. The Virginia Plan was debated for two weeks. Many believe that the compromise that has been reached is a major progression towards the unification of the States under a Federal System and has solved the problem of state representation.
OPEC holds: members hold about 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves
Islam: is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a seventh century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission", or the total surrender of oneself to God (Arabic: الله, Allāh).[1] An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits (to God)".[2][3] There are between 1 billion to 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world after Christianity.[4]Muslims believe that God revealed the Qur'an to Muhammad, God's final prophet, and regard the Qur'an and the Sunnah (words and deeds of Muhammad) as the fundamental sources of Islam.[5] They do not regard Muhammad as the founder of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original monotheistic faith of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Islamic tradition holds that Jews and Christians distorted the revelations God gave to these prophets by either altering the text, introducing a false interpretation, or both.[6]
Green Party: A minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and a foreign policy of nonintervention.
requirements to become the president: have lived in the U.S. for at least 14 years,be at least 35 years old,be a natural born citizen of the united States.
Child Soldiers: The military use of children takes three distinct forms: children can take direct part in hostilities (child soldiers), or they can be used in support roles such as porters, spies, messengers, look outs, and sexual slaves; or they can be used for political advantage either as human shields or in propaganda.
requirments for being in the house of reps.: you will have a 2 year term must be 25 years old you must be a citizen for at least 7 years and a resident of the state from which they are elected.
special jobs house of reps do: start tax laws, decide if a goverment offical should be put on trial before the senate (impeachment).
Tuberculosis: (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis most commonly attacks the lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, bones, joints and even the skin. Other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, and Mycobacterium microti can also cause tuberculosis, but these species do not usually infect healthy adults.[1]
Senate: 100 members, elected for 6 year terms, must be 30 years old, citizen for at least 9 years, resident of the state they are elected from.VP is president of the senate important ceremonies can cast tie breaking vote
president: must be 35, born in usa/ resident for 14 years, 4 year terms, 1 member, 2 term max
8th amendment: Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Senate: must be 30, 9 years of citizenship, 6 year terms, 100 members vece president, no limit on terms served
Nelson Mandela: Hero in fight against South African apartheid regime. Spend 27 years in prison. Will become president in early 1990s
student rights in schools: "First Amendment rights, applied in light of the special characteristics of the school environment, are available to teachers and students. It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate. This has been the unmistakable holding of this Court for almost 50 years."
Conventions on the Rights of the Child: United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, often referred to as CRC or UNCRC, is an international convention setting out the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. Nations that ratify this international convention are bound by it by international law. Compliance is monitored by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child which is composed of members from countries around the world. Once a year, the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair, and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child.[1]
child soldiers: forcing children to work as spies, sooldierrs, messengers, look-outs, or sexual slaves.
election: is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. This is the usual mechanism by which modern democracy fills offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organizations, from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations. As Montesquieu pointed out in Book II, Chapter 2 of "The Spirit of Laws," in the case of elections in either a republic or a democracy, voters alternate between being the rulers of the country as well as being the subjects of the government. By the act of voting, the people operate in a sovereign (or ruling) capacity, acting as "masters" to select their government's "servants." The unique characteristic of democracies and republics is the recognition that the only legitimate source of power for a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people" is the consent of the governed—the people themselves.
6th amendment: in all criminal prosecutions, the
house of reps: 435 members who represent an area of a state they can be elected for 2 terms, most be at least 25 years of age, and a citizen of the united states for at least 7 years
republican: One of the two primary political parties of the United States, organized in 1854 to oppose the extension of slavery.
Barrack Obama: is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. He married in 1992 and has two daughters. Obama has written two books: a memoir of his youth titled Dreams from My Father, and a personal commentary on U.S. politics titled The Audacity of Hope.
the second pillar of islam (prayer): Islams pray 5 times a day and they pray in the direction of Mecca they're services Friday noon prayers are weekly worship services
7th amendment: In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
Solution: a gov't with 3 seperate branches, each with its own distinct powers
apartheid: policy of racial segregation
executive_branch: the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws
conservative: is a term used to describe political philosophies that favor tradition and gradual change, where tradition refers to religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. The term is derived from the Latin, com servare, to preserve; "to protect from loss or harm". Since different cultures have different established values, conservatives in different cultures have differing goals. Some conservatives seek to preserve the status quo or to reform society slowly, while others seek to return to the values of an earlier time, the status quo ante.
2nd amendment: a well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed
special jobs house of reps do: start tax laws, decide if a goverment offical should be put on trial before the senate (impeachment).
Hillary Clinton: is the junior United States Senator from New York, and a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. She is married to Bill Clinton—the 42nd President of the United States—and was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
Economic Issues: taxes, trade, insurance
OPEC holds: members hold about 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves
Israel and Palestine: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, or Arab-Israeli conflict, What makes this a particularly sensitive issue oftentimes, is due to the horrendous suffering the Jewish people suffered in (Christian) Europe during World War II, to the extent that (in the United States, anyway), any criticism of Israeli policies towards the Palestinian people and other Arabs, lends well to an automatic, unfavorable label of anti-Semetic. In the United States as well, the Jewish community is well established and has influence over many aspects of US foreign policy in the Middle East. In fact, some commentators suggest that US Zionism is more extreme that that seen in Israel itself sensitive issues that is discussed. The introduction section talks about the western involvement in the Middle East in general, that forms a backdrop to the situation between Palestine and Israel.
green party: is a formally organized political party based on the principles of Green politics. These principles include environmentalism, reliance on grassroots democracy, nonviolence, and social justice causes, including those related to the rights of indigenous peoples. "Greens" believe that these issues are inherently related to ecological, social, and human bodily health.
HIV/AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a set of symptoms and infections resulting from the damage to the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).[1] This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood,sex, and breast milk, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
the third pillar of islam (fasting): occurs during the ninth month of Islamic calender occurs during Ramadan fasting includes no eating from dawn to dusk or drinking. No having sex from dawn to dusk. Only able-bodies Muslims are required to fast. At the end of fasting it is celebrated with eid-al-fitr the lesser feast, which last for 3 days
Supreme Court: the highest court of the U.S.
The difference between Terrorism and War: Terrorism is a controversial term with no internationally agreed single definition.[2] There are however several International conventions on terrorism with somewhat different definitions.[3] In one modern sense,[4] it is violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear.[5] Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.VS.is any large scale, violent conflict. The conduct of war extends along a continuum, from the almost universal tribal warfare that began well before recorded human history, to wars between city states, nations, or empires. By extension, the word is now used for any struggle, as in the war on drugs or the war on terror. It was once thought humans were the only creatures who fought wars, but closer observation of animal life has discovered wars between ant colonies and chimpanzee tribes.
Janjaweed: thought to mean "devil on horseback", "a man with a gun on a horse", or simply, "a man on a horse") is a blanket term used to describe mostly armed gunmen in Darfur, western Sudan, and now eastern Chad.[1] Using the United Nations definition, the Janjaweed comprised nomadic Arabic-speaking African tribes (i.e. Black Arabs, or Afro-Arabs), the core of whom are from Abbala (camel herder) background with significant Lambo recruitment from the Baggara (cattle herder) people. They have been at odds with Darfur's sedentary population in the past. They are currently in conflict with Darfur rebel groups — the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. Since 2003 they have been one of the main players in the Darfur conflict, which has pitted the largely nomadic Sudanese against the sedentary Sudanese population of the region in a battle over resource and the land allocation.[2] The Sudanese government, while publicly denying that it supports the Janjaweed, has provided money and assistance to the militia and has participated in joint attacks targeting the tribes from which the rebels draw support.[3] It is also believed that they are being supported by the People's Republic of China with weapons and finances[4].
the objective of OPEC: is for member countries to work together to set policies and prices. If they can make more money . Created during a confrence on September 10-14, 1960
6 days war: also known as the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, the Third Arab-Israeli War, Six Days' War, an‑Naksah (The Setback), or the June War, was fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. In May 1967, Egypt expelled the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) from the Sinai Peninsula, which had been stationed there since 1957 (following the 1956 Sinai invasion to allow for a free Suez Canal), to provide a peace-keeping buffer zone. In reaction to Israeli-Syrian tensions, Egypt amassed 1000 tanks and 100,000 soldiers on the border, closed the Straits of Tiran to all ships flying Israeli flags or carrying strategic materials, and called for unified Arab action against Israel.[4] In response, on June 5, 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack[5] against Egypt's airforce. Jordan, which had signed a mutual defence treaty with Egypt on May 30, then attacked western Jerusalem and Netanya.[6][7][8] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.
9th amendment: The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
Apartheid: meaning separateness in Afrikaans, cognate to English apart and -hood) was a system of legalized racial segregation enforced by the National Party (NP) South African government between 1948 and 1994. It arose from a history of settler rule and Dutch and British colonialism, which became policies of separation after South Africa gained self-governance as a dominion within the British Empire and were expanded and formalised into a system of legitimised racism and white nationalism after 1948. Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating in elections in 1994, the first in South Africa with universal suffrage, but the legacies of apartheid still shape South African politics and society.
Genocide: is the deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.
The Kabaa: is the holiest place in Islam.[2] The qibla, the direction Muslims face during prayer, is the direction from their location on Earth towards the Kaaba. It is around the Kaaba that ritual circumambulation is performed by Muslims during the Hajj (pilgrimage) season as well as during the Umrah (lesser pilgrimage).[2]
5th amendment: no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jurt, except in causes arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger, nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation
Cartel: association of large corportions formed to fix prices, set up produciton quotas or divide up markets
Terrorism: is a controversial term with no internationally agreed single definition.[2] There are however several International conventions on terrorism with somewhat different definitions.[3] In one modern sense,[4] it is violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating fear.[5] Most common definitions of terrorism include only those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war.
OPEC: the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which decides the price and the amount of oil produced each year in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela, and other countries.
delegate: a person appointed or elected to represent others
judicial branch: the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice
Nelson Mandela: is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections. Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe. He spent 27 years in prison, much of it on Robben Island, on convictions for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid.
1st amendment: congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
Legeslative Branch: authority to make laws for the nation. Congress is made up for 2 chambers: Senate and House of Reps.
the fifth pillar of islam (haji): requires making a trip to Mecca Begins in the 12 month of the Islamic calender
Legeslative Branch: authority to make laws for the nation. Congress is made up for 2 chambers: Senate and House of Reps.
Colonization: occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area. The term, which is derived from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect,"[1] originally related to humans. However, 19th century biogeographers dominated the term to describe the activities of birds or bacteria, or plant species.[2] Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of colonialism, because whereas colonization refers to the establishment of settler colonies, trading posts, and plantations with the metropole's own population, colonialism deals with this and the ruling of new territories' existing peoples.
Name the branches of Goverment: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
gulf war 1: or Persian Gulf War (2 August 1990 - 28 February 1991)[8][9] was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations[10] authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the United States in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait. The conflict developed in the context of the Iran-Iraq War and in 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling.[11]. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops was met with immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by some members of the UN Security Council, and with immediate preparation for war by the United States of America and the United Kingdom. . The expulsion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait began in January 1991 and was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, which took over Kuwait and entered Iraqi territory. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Iraq also launched missiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel in retaliation for their support of the invading forces in Kuwait.
Malaria: parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include symptoms of anemia (light headedness, shortness of breath, tachycardia etc.), as well as other general symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, flu-like illness, and in severe cases, coma and death. Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites with mosquito nets and insect repellents, or by mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs. Although some are under development, no vaccine is currently available for malaria; preventative drugs must be taken continuously to reduce the risk of infection. These prophylactic drug treatments are often too expensive for most people living in endemic areas. Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term recurrent infection and also of partial resistance; the resistance reduces with time and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas. They are strongly recommended to take full precautions if they return to an endemic area. Malaria infections are treated through the use of antimalarial drugs, such as quinine or artemisinin derivatives, although drug resistance is increasingly common.
Darfur: is a region in Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur which are coordinated by a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority. Due to the Darfur Conflict, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency since 2003.There is a genocide in Darfur
Senate: must be 30, 9 years of citizenship, 6 year terms, 100 members vece president, no limit on terms served
OPEC: organization of the petroleum exporting countries
Berlin Conference: of 1884-85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. Called for by Portugal and organized by Otto von Bismarck, the first Chancellor of Germany, its outcome, the General Act of the Berlin Conference, is often seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The conference ushered in a period of heightened colonial activity on the part of the European powers, while simultaneously eliminating most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance.
executive branch: the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws
Non-members of OPEC: pay more for the oil they import.
special jobs house of reps do: start tax laws, decide if a goverment offical should be put on trial before the senate (impeachment).
Memeber of OPEC: recieve more for the oil they export.
special jobs house of reps do: start tax laws, decide if a goverment offical should be put on trial before the senate (impeachment).
cabinet: is a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. It can also sometimes be referred to as the Council of Ministers, an Executive Council or an Executive Committee.
liberal: typically refers to one supporting social liberalism, or one opposing conservative or social conservatives positions.
President: an officer appointed or elected to preside over an organized body of persons.
10th amendment: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
John McCain: is the senior United States Senator from Arizona and presumptive Republican Party nominee for President of the United States in the upcoming 2008 election.
the objective of OPEC: is for member countries to work together to set policies and prices. If they can make more money . Created during a confrence on September 10-14, 1960
delegate: is a member of a group representing an organization (e.g., a government, a charity, an NGO, or a trade union) at a meeting or conference between organizations of the same level (e.g. trade talks or an environmental summit between governments; an arbitration over an industrial dispute; or a meeting of student unions from individual colleges at a national student union conference).
the fourth pillar of islam (charity): Zakaah is an obligatory form of charity on savings. It is not an income tax, but a saving tax. Major recipients and working and poor.
special jobs house of reps do: start tax laws, decide if a goverment offical should be put on trial before the senate (impeachment).
Mecca: It is in Saudi Arabia.The city is revered by Muslims for containing the holiest site of Islam, the Grand Mosque of Mecca. A pilgrimage to Mecca during the season of the Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, a sacred duty that is required of all able-bodied Muslims who can afford to go, at least once in their lifetime. People of other faiths are officially forbidden from entering the city.
Presidential primary and caucus: in these elections, party members get to vote for the candidate that will represent their party in the upcoming general election
Social Issues: marriage rights, civil rights, abortion, drug use, gun control
Challenge, they wanted: a strong, conesive central goverment and no idividual or small group in the gov't would become too powerful.
special jobs senate: yes or no:treaties, yes or no: people president reccomends for jobs (cabinet, supreme court, ambassador) holds trial for a gov't official who commits a crime against the country.
Judicial branch: the branch of government that decides the meaning of laws.
the first pillar of islam (shahadah): this acts as the conversion to islam. It is often the first phrase spoken to a newborn baby and the last phrase spoken to a deceased person
House of reps.: based on the population, favoring largers states(each state is guarnteed 1 seat)there are 435 memebers, members represent an area of a state. known as a congressional district. Every 10 years. Census counts the pop. to determine how many reps each state gets.
libertarian: is a United States political party founded on December 11, 1971.[1] It is one of the largest continuing Third parties in the United States, claiming more than 200,000 registered voters and more than 600 people in public office,[2] including mayors, county executives, county-council members, school-board members and other local officials. It has more people in office than all other third parties combined.[2]
democrat: One of the two major political parties in the United States, owing its origin to a split in the Democratic-Republican Party under Andrew Jackson in 1828.

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