History Final Fall Semester Ch 1-14.1
Terms
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- Michaelangelo
- master of Renaissance art; painted frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican; preferred sculptures; made biblical carvings of David and Moses; wrote poetry and did architecture; helped design St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
- Genghis Khan
- creater of the largest empire (Mongol) ever; grandfather of Kublai Khan
- Theodora
- Justinian's wife; emperess of the Byzantine empire; spent childhood in circus; became an actress early teens; encouraged Justinian to improve laws for women including dowry laws; encouraged Justinian to fight the Nika Rebellion
- Justinian
- led the most splendid years of the Byzantine empire; husband of Theodora; appointed Belisarius as commander-in-chief; empire suffered 50 years after death
- Joan of Arc
- fought for the French in the Hundred Years' War; heard voices telling her to defend Orleans; was captured and convicted of heresy and witchcraft; burned at the stake
- Alexander the Great
- became king of Macedonia after death of his father (Phillip of Macedon); conquered most of the Persian empire; inspired his troops; became drunk and out-of-control before death; became king at age 20 and died at age 33
- Nebuchadnezzar
- built the Hanging Gardens for his homesick wife; considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- Charlemagne
- assumed the Frankish throne after his father, Pepin; controlled much of western Europe; crowned by Pope Leo III as "Emperor of the Romas; Father of Louis the Pious
- Machiavelli
- diplomat, historian, and Renaissance writer; wrote The Prince describing government in which "It is safer to be feared than loved."; qualifies as a humanist in some ways
- Julius Caesar
- Roman emperor; nephew of Marius; opponent of Sulla; part of the triumvirate; issued reports on campaigns known as Commentaries on the Gallic Wars; attacked Pompey (person) after being warned at the Rubicon River; ordered the formation of the calander used today; chose nephew, Octavian as heir
- Jesus
- born in Bethlehem and grew up in Nazareth; stareted as a carpenter; emphasized that God forgave people; preached and started the Christian religion
- Muhammad
- prophet of Islam; orphan at age six; began poor; was a caravan trader; followed Hanif sect; at age 40, Gabriel ordered him to preach; preached at Mecca, ordered to leave, left to Medina, gathered forces, captured Mecca
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- financed Columbus' voyage
- Aristotle
- student of Plato; scientist and philosopher; defined words and grouped similar or related facts; wrote Ethics, Poetics, Logic, and Politics; believed every government could easily be corrupted, should have aspects of each
- Li Bai
- Daoist; spent life seaking pleasure; wrote happy, light elegant stuff; became tipsy and drowned while reaching from a boat for his reflection
- Augustus (Octavian)
- ruled after uncle Julius Caesar; made the Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Lepidus; Augustus means "set aside for religious purposes" or "sacred"; referred to as the first Roman emperor;
- Caligula
- successor of Tiberius (after Augustus and Julius Caesar); brutal and insane ruler; appointed his favorite horse as consul; was murdered
- Socrates
- Greek philosopher; asked questions to teach; motto "know thyself"; created the "Socratic method"; accused of denying Gods; asked to leave or die; chose death, drank hemlock poison
- Phillip of Macedon
- Ruler of Macedon; father of Alexander the Great; was a hostage in youth; recruited the first paid army in Macedonia; organized infantry and phalanxes (16 rows of tightly spaced soldiers equipped with lances)
- Leonidus
- led the Spartans at Thermopylae; allowed soldiers with sons to remain; fought with his army to the death; had 300 Spartans with 6,000 allies against 200,000 Persians
- Richard the Lion-Hearted
- English leader of the third crusade (crusade of the three kings); might have gained the entire kingdom of jerusalem but preferred military gains; made no significant difference in a failing crusade
- Shi Huangdi
- founder of the Qin dynasty; name means "first emperor"; executed 460 scholars for disobeying
- Tutankhamen
- on the cover of our history book; Egyptian heir to Akhenaton; moved the capital back to thebes and reinstated polytheism
- Asoka
- one of India's greatest rulers; Chandragupta's grandson; conquered almost all of India to southern tip; gave up war and became a devout Buddhist; dedicated himself to Buddhism and spreading it; Mauryan empire quickly crumbled after Asoka
- Siddhartha
- a.k.a. Gautama or Buddha; lived in luxury; at age 29, left residence and saw poverty, wondered why suffering exists; spent the rest of his life answering these questions; started the Buddhist faith
- Tamerlane
- Mongol leader who claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan; was ferocious, had a career of conquest; said to have slaughtered 100,000 citizens at Delhi; masacered many countries; wanted to conquer Chinia, died
- Kublai Khan
- known as "Great Khan"; grandson of Genghis Khan; established the Yuan empire; defeated the Song dynasty; extended the Grand Canal
- Marco Polo
- merchant and explorer from Venice; marveled at the city of Hangzhou
- Columbus
- English Explorer of the New World
- Hammurabi
- Babylonian ruler best known for the Code of Hammurabi, a collectino of laws with the concept of an eye for an eye
- Herodotus
- traveler and first great historian of the western world; fascinating storyteller and writer; exaggerated at times; carefully distinguished between the things he had personally seen and those that had been told; often called the father of history
- Spartacus
- slave who led a revolt against Rome; more than 70,000 slaves took part; Spartacus and 9,000 followers were crucified
- Pope Innocent III
- lead papacy to hight of prestige and power; wrote books about law, theology, ahd Christian discipline; believd he was supreme above clergy and all rulers; made free use of power of excommunication
- Urban II
- called a meeting in Clermont to start the crusades
- Cleopatra
- wife of Marc Antony
- Livia
- Caesar Augustus' devoted and influential wife who counselled him on affairs of state and who, in her efforts to secure the imperial succession for her son Tiberius, was reputed to have caused the deaths of many of his rivals.
- Agrippina
- granddaughter of the emperor Augustus and a major figure in the succession struggles in the latter part of the reign of Tiberius (ruled AD 14-37).
- Murasaki Shikibu
- (My Upper Rabbit Asks So All Kittens In Southern Hawaii Inject Kitten Injections Because Ugly); wrote the Tale of Genji, world's first novel
- Scheherezade
- story teller in the Arabian Knights who prevented her death by telling stories
- Lucy
- earliest human skeleton
- Hatshepsut
- first recorded woman ruler; first ruled with her husband, Thutmose II, her half-brother
- Virgin Mary
- mother of Jesus
- Pontius Pilot
- judge who ordered Jesus' crucifixtion to prevent revolt
- Hannibal
- Spainish general who assembled an army that included elephants; faught in the Second Punic War
- Cortez
- Spanish explorer in the New World
- Vladamir I
- had missionaries from several faiths address him so he could choose a religion for his people
- Ivan IV
- became ruler of Russia at age 3; watched as boyars fought each other; took tital czar meaning "caesar"; had a secret police that executed traitors
- Magellan
- Portoguese navigator sailing for spain proved that the New World was separate from Asia
- Phillip IV
- argued with Pope Boniface VIII and had him brought to trial although Boniface died later
- Brutus and Casius
- people who's army was conquered by Marc Antony
- Zeus
- Greek god of sky
- Scipio
- Roman general who defeated Hannibal
- Marc Antony
- part of the Second Triumvirate; fell in love with Cleopatra
- Draco
- known for his code of laws that were harsh and sever, although were written down so everyone could see; known as Draconian laws
- Cyrus
- Persian conqueror who conquered Greek city-states; father of Darius
- Darius
- son of Cyrus, crushed revolts; sent a Persian army and fleet toward Greece, destroyed by storm; father of Xerxes
- Xerxes
- led the Persian forces at Thermopylae
- Nero
- hated because of a fire thought to have been started by him; hated anyway; commited suicide
- Confucius
- formerly known as Kongzi; started in poverty; wanted to end political disorder; thought everyone should accept their society role and the government should be virtuous
- Zoraoster
- Persian who taught that on earth people received training for the future life
- Wu Di
- Han emperor who started the technique of leveling in which people stored goods to prevent high prices; faught with Huns
- Marcus Aurelius
- end of the Pax Romana
- Otto I, Otto the Great
- was crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope John XIII; ruled the Holy Roman Empire;
- Tughlug
- murdered his father, efd the flesh of a rebel nephew to the rebel's wife and children, ordered the evacuation of Delhi and forced them to move to a new capital
- Moses
- brought the Hebrews the Ten Commandments
- Pericles
- under who Athenian democracy reached its hieght