A.P.ARTHISTORY-FINAL(01/15/09)
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Terms
undefined, object
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- westwork
- the facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany
- axial plan
- a plan in which the parts of a building are organized longtitudinally along a given axis
- ziggurat
- in ancient Mesopotamian architecture, a monumental platform for a temple
- rosette
- a carved or modeled ornament resembling or representing a rose
- anastasis
- deliver adam and eve from hell
- landscape
- a picture showing natural scenery, without narrative content
- meander
- a winding curve or bend of a river of road
- cornice
- a projecting ledge over a wayy
- olympiad
- a celebration of the ancient/modern olympic games
- apse
- a recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a roman basilica or at the east end of the church
- corbel arch
- a vault formed by layers of stone that gradually grow closer together as they rise until they eventually meet
- stele
- also known as stelea, a carved stone slab used to mark graves or to commemorate historical events
- dorians
- a member of Hellenic people who entered the modern Greece lands from North ca.1100BCE
- hypostyle hall
- a hall with a roof supported by columns
- Maison Carrée
- a building erected in France in the Augustan style
- pantokrator
- Christ as ruler and judge of heaven and earth
- amphitheater
- Greek:double theater; a roman building type resembling two greek theaters put together
- molding
- a continuous, narrow surface designed to break up a surface, to accent or to decorate
- verism
- extremely or strictly naturalistic
- agora
- an open square/space used for public meetings or buisness in ancient greek cities
- piers
- upright support for a superstructure, such as an arch or bridge/square shaped wider than pillars
- tepidarium
- the warm bath section of a roman bathing establishment
- Tunisia
- A country in North Africa that was under the Abbasids
- silhouette
- the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, dim light
- megalith
- a large roughly hewn stone used in the construction of monumental prehistoric structure
- composite view
- also known as twisted perspective, a convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile form and another part of the figure frontally
- strict profile
- one side of animal or human only drawn
- interlace pattern
- a woven pattern created in the British Isles
- ionians
- a member of ancient Hellenic people who inhabits Attica, Asian Minor, and the Aegean Islands
- king minos
- mythical king of Crete/son of zeus europa
- encaustic painting
- a techinique of painting in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while not
- peristyle garden
- a garden behind the etruscan-style house which provides a second internal illumination source
- arch
- a curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks that transmit the downward pressure laterally
- free standing
- not supported by another structure
- oculus
- Latin:eye; the round central opening of a dome
- architrave
- a plain, unornamented litel on the entablature
- arabesque
- "Arab-like", a flowing, intricate pattern derived from stylized organic motifs, usually floral;generally, an islamic decorative motif
- foreshortening
- the use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visuale contradiction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight
- mummification
- a technique used by ancient Egyptians to preserve human bodies so that they may serve as the eternal home of the immortal ka
- contrapposto
- a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees/weight shift/one foot tension one foot relaxed
- cubiculum,linear perspective,atmospheric perspective
- three pictorial devices used by roman painters to suggest depth
- Nemes
- in ancient Egypt, the linen headdress worn by the pharaoh, with the uraeus cobra of kingship on the front
- caryatid
- female figured column
- Predynastic Egypt
- a period between early Neolithic and the beginning of the Pharaonic monarchy beginning with king Narmer
- maqsura
- in some mosques, a screened area in front of the minrab reserved for a ruler
- minoan
- ancient aegean culture on the island of crete
- still life
- a picture depicting an arrangement of objects
- architecture of mass
- body of coherent matter of relatively large bulk, a solid physical object, so applied to built forms
- sarsen
- a silicified sandstone boulder of a kind that occurs on the chalk downs of southern England.Was used to construct stonehenge,etc.
- monolith
- a column shaft that is all in one piece, a large single block, piece of ston used in megalith structures
- menorah
- the jewish sacred seven-branched candelabrum
- chimera
- a monster with the head and body of a lion and the tail of a serpent. a goat head grows out of one side of the body
- Pillars
- usually a weight-carrying member, such as as pier or a column
- krater
- large greek bowl used for mixing water and wine
- megaron
- a rectangular audience hall in aegean art that has a two-column porch and four columns around a central air well
- BCE
- before the common era
- continuous narration
- in a painting/sculpture, the convention of the same figure appearing more than once in the space at different stages in a story
- Hieroglyphic writing
- a system of writing using symbols/pictures
- Dome of the Rock
- a shrine in Jerusalem at the site from which muhammad ascended through the seven heavens to the throne of God
- Carolingian
- pertaining to the empire of Charlemagne and his successors
- centaur
- in ancient greek mythology, a fantastical creature with the front or top half of a human and the back or bottom half of a horse
- voussoir
- a wedge-shaped block used in the construction of a true arch. the central voussoir is the keystone
- Hagia Sophia
- a church meaning "Holy Wisdom", created by Justinian in Constantinople
- marble
- rock / the whiter it is the more precious
- concrete
- a building material invented by the romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones
- tessarae
- Greek:"cubes", Tiny stones/pieces of glass cut to the desired shape and size to form a mosaic
- Hiberno-Saxon
- an art style that flourished in the monasteries of the British Isles in the early Middle Ages
- animal style
- incorporation of animals into the art of the British Isles ex. animal head post from Oseberg, Norway
- Troy
- a legendary city and center of the Trojan War, as described in the Epic Cycle, and especially in the Iliad
- propylaeum
- a gateway leading to a greek temple
- orants
- a figure with both arms raised in the ancient gesture of prayer
- atlantid
- male figured column
- 4th style
- Marks of a return to architectural illusionism, but the architectural vistas being irrational fantasies
- Constantinople
- the capital of Byzantine empire, present day Istanbul, Turkey
- 1st style
- The earliest style, also known as the masonry style. Aim of the artist was to imitate marbles, using painted stucco relief.
- hieratic scale
- fixed style of representation
- Stuccoed vaults
- type of vaults used for the frigidarium of the bath of Caracalla
- cycladic figure
- an ancient aegean figure that is served for grave markers/ modern looking/ broad shouders/triangle shaped head
- pont-du-gard
- an early Augustan project of the great aqueduct-bridge at Nîmes, France
- kamares ware
- a type of extremely fine palace pottery in the minoan culture
- cuneiform
- a system of writing used in ancient Mesopotamia
- conceptual vs. optical approach
- conceptual approach presents the idea more importantly than the finished product, while the optical approach values int he styles
- 50,000~70,000
- # of people Flavian Amphitheater(Colosseum) can hold
- lord elgin
- A british who dismantled the many Parthenon sculpture by the ships
- basilica
- roman architecture, civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side
- cyclopean masonry
- a type of construction that uses rough, massive blocks of stone pilled one atop the other without mortar. Named for the mythical Cyclops
- Fresco(buon and seco)
- painting tecnique which paints on either wet or dry plaster
- Fresco seco
- painting on lime plaster, either dry or wet
- broken pediment
- element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure,supported by columns
- minbar
- in a mosque,the pulpit on which imam stands
- ravenna
- city in italy where u can find san vitale
- mandorla
- an almond-shaped nimbus surrounding the figure of christ or other sacred figure
- catacomb
- ancient underground passageways or subterranean cemeteries where christians hide and made art
- Trajan
- 98CE, the Spanish emperor who extended the empire to the greatest
- lunette
- a semicircular area with the flat side down in a wall over a door, niche, or window
- Gospels
- the four new testament books that relate the life and teachings of Jesus
- four evangelists
- The authors of the gospels;Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
- knossos
- Knossos Palace is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete
- columns
- may be said as engaged columns-a vertical weight, carring architectural member, circular in cross, section and consisting of a base,shaft,and a capital
- Capitals
- the uppermost member of a column which serves as a transition from the shaft to the lintel
- 3rd style
- The style in which delicate linear fantasies were sketched on predominantly monochromatic backgrounds.
- tholos
- alternative name for beehive/rounded structure,circular shrine
- fibula
- a decorative pin, usually used to fasten garnments
- forum
- the public square of an ancient roman city
- monastery
- A dwelling-place occupied in common by persons under religious vows of seclusion.
- Fertile Crescent
- crescent-shaped area of fertile land in the Middle East that extends from the eastern mediterranean coast through the valley of the Tigris/Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf
- trigylph
- a projectiong grooved element alternating with a metope on a greek temple
- prehistory
- the period of time before written records
- uraeus
- are presentation of a sacred serpent as an emblem of supreme power, worn on the headdresses of ancient Egyptian deites/soverigns
- canons of proportions
- a rule, for example of proportion, which is concided of beauty to be a matter of "correct" proportion
- roundel
- a picture or pattern contained in a circle
- Clerestory
- the fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of the other parts
- mihrab niche
- a semicircular niche set into the qibla wall of mosque
- Allah
- Muslim name for the one and only God
- exedra
- recessed area, usually semicircular
- Norsemen
- also known as vikings, the Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the 8th-10th century
- rotunda
- any building with a circular ground plan
- Upper Egypt/Lower Egypt
- the original division, later unified in ca.3100BCE, divided by the direction of the flow of the Nile
- stylized
- depict or treat in a mannered and nonrealistic style
- qibla wall
- The wall towards Mecca, a direction Muslim face when praying
- labyrinth
- elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur
- CE
- common era
- rhyton
- container from which fluids were intended to be drunk
- tablinium
- the study or office
- Bishop Bernward
- one of the great patrons of Ottonian architecture, a tutor of Otto the Third, a builder of the Saint Michael at Hildesheism
- psalter
- also known as psalms, published by Fust and Schoeffer in monumental page size, the first book to bear a printer's trademark and imprint, printed date of publication, and colophon
- tumulus
- burial mound that covers one or more subterranean multichambered tombs cut out of the local tufa
- mausoleum
- a monumental tomb
- impluvium
- the basin located in the atrium of the roman house which collected the rain water
- paleolithic
- the "old" stone age, during which humankind produced the first sculptures and paintings
- lintels
- a beam used to span an opening
- illuminated manuscripts
- a luxurious handmade book with painted illustrations and decorations
- nimbus
- the disk or ring around the head of a sacred figure
- central plan
- a type of classical architecture which has equal dimention at the center
- cavae
- the seating area in ancient greek/roman theaters
- faience
- tin glazed pottery
- barrel vault
- semicyclindrial incross-section, is in effect a deep arch or an unintempted series of arch
- crucifixion
- type of punishment where you nail a person on a cross
- cupola
- is a small, most-often dome-like structure, on top of a building
- entablature
- the upper story of a greek temple
- colosseum
- a large theater or stadium
- euphronius
- ancient, master artist of the red-figure technique
- Pylons
- the simple/massive gateway, with sloping walls, of an Egyptian temple
- registers
- also known as bands, one of a series of super imposed bands/friezes in a pictorial narrative, or the particular levels on which motifs are placed
- metope
- small relief sculpture on th efacade of a greek temple
- Cordoba,Spain
- The capital of the Spanish Umayyads
- repousse
- formed in relief by beating a metal plate from the back, leaving the impression on the face
- tufa
- type of calcite vocanic rock
- mycenaean
- ancient aegean culture according to home's epic poems
- pericles
- athenian statesman and general
- Mastaba
- an ancient Egyptian rectangular brick/stone structures
- stoa
- in ancient greek architecture, an open building with a roof supported by a row of columns parallel to the back wall
- 2nd style
- The aim was to dissolve the confining walls of a room and replace them with the illusion of a three-dimentional world constructed in the artist's imagination.
- old saint peter's church
- basillican church build by constantine
- mosaic
- patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces(tessarae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors
- Greeks,Etruscans
- 2 cultures which strongly influenced on Romans
- anthropology
- the study of humankind, in particular of societies,cultures, and their developments
- Fluted columns
- vertical channeling, roughly semicircular in corss-section
- Mosque
- the islamic building for collective worship. Arabic-masjid, meaning a "place for bowing down"
- greek orthodox church
- the church 's history traces back to the Hellenized eastern portion of the Roman Empire, especially Constantinople
- Lamassu
- Assyrian guardian in the form of a man-headed winged bull
- Eucharist
- in christianity, the partaking of the bread and wine, which believers hold to be either christ himself or symbolic of him
- Venice
- a city in northern Italy, which became an independent power, serving as the crucial link between Byzantium and the West
- cruciform
- having the shape of a cross
- New Testament
- the collection of the books of the Bible that were produced by the early Christian church, comprising the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine
- swag
- an ornamental festoon of flowers, fruit, and greenery
- theotokos
- Greek:"bearer of Gods", the virgin Mary, mother of Jesus
- engaged column
- a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall
- orchestra
- in ancient greek theatres, the circular piece of earth with a hard and level surface on which the performance took place
- frieze
- a horizontal band of sculpture
- arcuated gateway
- an arch-shaped gateway
- relief
- figures projecting from a background of which they are a part(sculpture)
- rusticated masonry
- a rough styled, rougheningthe surfaces and beveling the edges of stone blocks to emphasize the joints between
- neolithic
- the "new" stone age
- Terra cotta
- type of brownish reddish ceremic
- crete
- the largest of the Greek islands/resites minoan culture
- portico
- a roofles colonnade, also an entrance porch
- votive statues
- object left in sacred place for ritual/religious purposes
- coffer
- a sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling
- archaic smile
- a smile which suggests a feeling of happiness via ignorance
- acroterion
- blocks resting on the vertex and lower extermities of a pediment to support statuary or ornaments
- insula
- a multistory apartment house, usually made of brick-faced concrete; also refers to an entire city block
- iconography
- term which refers to both the content/subject, of an artwork and to the study of content in art, the study of the symbolic, often religious, meaning of objects, persons, or events depicted in works of art
- cloisonne
- a process of enameling employing cloisions; or a decorative brickwork in later Byzantine architecture
- vellum
- calf skin prepared as a surface for writing or painting
- Iconoclasm
- ban of icons/image breaking
- squinch
- an architectural device used as a transtition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome;maybe composed of litnels, corbels, or arches
- relief sculpture
- sculpture that projects from a flat background. a very shallow relief sculpture is called a bas-relief
- annunciation
- the revelation of mary by the angel gabriel that she's gonna have a baby
- palette
- in ancient Egypt,a slate slab used for one preparing makeup
- pediment
- the triangular top of a temple that contains sculpture
- egyptology
- the study of the language,history, and civilization of ancient Egypt
- groin/cross vault
- a vault formed at the point at which two barrel vaults intersect at right angles
- tondo
- a circular painting or relief sculpture
- skene
- in ancient greek, a building behind the playing area that was originally a hut in which actors changes masks/costumes.
- minotaur
- creature that was part man and part bull
- British Isles
- The republic of Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, and northern Ireland
- cista
- an etruscan cylindrical container made of sheet bronze with cast handles and feet, sued for women's toilet articles
- parchment
- thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin or goatskin. Its most common use is as the pages of a book, codex or manuscript
- archaeology
- the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains
- triclinium
- the dining room of a roman house
- nave clerestory
- high wall with a band of narrow windows along the very top
- diptych
- a two-paneled painting or altar piece; also hinged writing tablet, often of ivory and carved on the external sides
- Fresco
- a painting technique that involves applying water-based paint onto a freshly plaster wall. the paint forms a bond with the plaster that is durable and long lasting
- kiln
- an oven used for making pottery
- Ottonians
- pertaining to the empire of Otto I and his successors, who ruled as the emperor of Holy Roman Empire
- Ashlar masonry
- carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of stone used in construction, fitted together without mortar
- minaret
- a distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship
- Apollodorus of Damascus
- the architect of the forum of Trajan
- old testament
- refers to the books that form the first of the two-part of christian bible
- Heinrich Schliemann
- discovered the 'Mask of Agamemnon' and mycenaean culture
- tempera
- a technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk,glue,or casein,also the medium itself
- bilaterally symmetrical
- the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane
- peristyle
- often boasted a fountain or pool, marble statuary, mural paintings,mosaic floors.A garden providing a second internal illumination source
- aqueduct
- an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley
- necropolis
- city of the dead, or burial area for a living city
- justinian
- great emperor of Late Antiquity
- insular art
- Another term for Hiberno-Saxon style art
- Torah niche
- a niche for a torah
- fauces
- a narrow foyer which led to an atrium
- Beehive tomb
- also known as tholos tomb of the Mycenaean culture/built as corbelled arches
- caliph
- muslim rulers,regarded as successors of Muhammad
- groundline
- in paintings and reliefs, a painted or carved baseline on which figures appear to stand
- controlled-space
- three dementional space surrounding
- Sutton Hoo
- a Viking ship burial site in England
- entasis
- the convex profile in the shaft of a column
- exekias
- an ancient artist of the black-figure technique
- Heraldic grouping
- the system by which coats of arms and other armorial bearings are devised, described, and regulated
- conches
- semicircular apse or its domed roof
- synagogue
- where jews worship god
- cella
- the main room of a greek temple where the god is housed
- apotheosis
- elevated to the rank of gods, or the ascent to heaven
- herakles
- greek hero/great strength
- kore
- archaic sculpture of female
- Cycladic Islands
- Greek island group in the Aegean Sea, south-east of the mainland of Greece
- Imhotep
- Egyptian architect and scholar who is thought be the designer of the step pyramis at Saqqara for king Dijoser
- code of Hammurabi
- law code which King Hammurabi of Babylon formulated in the early 18th century BCE
- atrium
- the court of a roman house that is partly open to the sky, also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a christian basilica
- abrasion
- the process of scraping or wearing away
- amphora
- a two -handled greek storage jar
- atmospheric perspective
- creation of the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity
- Muhammed
- The last and greatest prophet of Islam, born in Mecca
- Circus Maximus
- first and biggest circus in the Ancient Rome
- shaft
- the body of a column
- equestrian portrait
- horse-riding portrait image
- drum
- one of the stacked cylindrical stones that form the shaft of a column, the cylindrical wall that supports a dome
- frigidarium
- the cold-bath sectionof a roman bathing establishment
- acropolis
- high city, a greek temple complex build on a hill over a city
- Colonnades
- a series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels
- radiocarbon dating
- method of measuring the decay rate of carbon isotopes in organic matter to provide dates for organic materials such as wood and fiber
- henge
- also known as cromlech, a circle of monoliths
- Illiad
- epic poem of homer
- pseudo-peripteral
- temple having a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade
- icon
- a portrait or image; especially in Byzantine art, a panel with a painting of sacred personnages that are objects of veneration
- transfiguration
- christ rose from death turns into a cross
- cubiculum
- a small cabicle or bedroom that opened onto the atrium of a roman house
- kouros
- archaic greek sculpture of standing male
- sculpture in the round
- free standing sculptures
- spandrels
- the roughly triangular space enclosed by the curves of adjacent arches and a horizontal member connecting their vertexes
- kylix
- greek drinking cup
- pendentives
- constructive device permitting the placing of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room.
- caladarium
- the hot-bath section of a roman bathing establishment
- temples
- a building devoted to the worship of a god/gods or any other object that is religious
- siren
- in ancient greek mythology, a creature tht was part bird, part woman
- Sarcophagus
- Latin-consumer of flesh, A coffin, usually of stone