World History Finals 100 Words of Vocab
World history.
Terms
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- socialism
- An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
- laissez faire
- The idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses.
- Lutherans
- A member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.
- strike
- To refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands.
- Louis XVI
- A weak king of France who fell out of favor with the people due to his excessive expendiures and weakness.
- New France
- The base of France's colonial empire in North America during the 1600s.
- League of Nations
- International organization designed for world peace.
- Divine right
- The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
- aristocracy
- A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility.
- Triple Entente
- Great Britain, France, and Russia
- Eastern Front
- Area where mainly German and Russian troops fought.
- Thomas Jefferson
- The main writer of the Declaration of Independence.
- Adam Smith
- A professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, defended the idea of a free economy/markets in his book The Wealth of Nations.
- Sepoy
- Indian soldiers serving under British command.
- corporation
- A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
- Reformation
- A 16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of Christian churches that rejected the Pope's authority.
- Boer War
- A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa.
- Continental System
- Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.
- French and Indian War
- A war between the British and French on the North American continent (part of the larger conflict known as the Seven Years' War).
- Simon Bolivar
- A wealthy Venezuelan creole (Libertador) who led 2,000 soldiers against the Spanish army and won Venezeula's independence.
- nationalism
- The belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation---that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history---rather than to a king or empire.
- Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
- A meeting at which representative of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa.
- nation-state
- An independent nation of people having a common culture and identity.
- Central Powers
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire
- Judaism
- The monotheistic religion of the Hebrews founded by Abraham around 2000 B.C.
- factories
- A large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods.
- Battle of Waterloo
- Napoleon's final battle in which the British and Prussian forces defeated him.
- factors of production
- The resources---including land, labor, and capital---that are needed to produce goods and services.
- capitalism
- An economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.
- Feudalism
- A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.
- democracy
- A government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives.
- Protestant
- A member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation.
- Magna Carta
- "Great Charter" -- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by the nobles and approved by King John in A.D. 1215.
- Battle of Trafalgar
- An 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.
- New Netherlands
- The name for lands occupied by the Dutch in North America during the 1600s.
- realism
- A 19th-century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be.
- Total war
- Putting all resources of a nation into a war.
- Miguel Hidalgo
- A Mexican priest in the village of Dolores who led the revolution for four years.
- Industrialization
- The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
- militarism
- Keeping an army ready for war and glorifying the military.
- Raj
- The term refers to the British rule over India from 1757 - 1947.
- checks and balances
- Measures designed to prevent one branch of government from dominating the others.
- mutiny
- A revolt against a leader.
- Treaty of Versailles
- Official end to World War I
- Sepoy Mutiny
- An 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India.
- printing press
- A machine for reproducing written material by pressing paper against arrangements of inked type.
- Paternalism
- A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.
- 14 Points
- Plan made by U.S. President Wilson for lasting peace.
- Napoleon Bonaparte
- A brilliant general whose campaigns went undefeated until he tried to attack Russie.
- assimilation
- The policy of absorbing local, conquered populations into the culture of the victor.
- Declaration of the Rights of Man
- A statement of revolutionary ideals adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789.
- Bill of Rights
- The first ten amendments to the U,S, Constitution, which protect citizens' basic rights and freedoms.
- utilitarianism
- The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
- collective bargaining
- Negotiations between workers and their employers.
- urbanization
- The growth of cities and the migration of people into them.
- Jose de San Martin
- A native of Argentina, he led his army across the Andes and freed Chile from Spain's control.
- crop rotation
- The system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land.
- coup d'etat
- A sudden seizure of political power in a nation.
- Alexander II
- The son of Czar Nicholas I who pushed Russia towarsd modernization and social change following a war in 1856.
- Marie Antoinette
- The Austrian wife of King Louis XVI, nicknamed Madame Deficit, for how much money she spent.
- annul
- To cancel or put an end to.
- devshirme
- In the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian people to be trained as Muslim soldiers.
- Parliament
- A body of representatives that make laws for a nation.
- guillotine
- A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
- middle class
- A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.
- estates
- One of the three social classes in France before the French Revolution-----the First Estate consisting of the clergy, the Second Estate, of the nobility, and the Third Estate, of the rest of the population.
- Shaka
- A Zulu chief in Southern Africa who used soldiers and good military organization to create a large centralized state.
- Napoleonic Code
- A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon.
- communism
- An economic system in which all means of production---land, farms, factories, railroads, and businesses---are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally.
- Glorious Revolution
- The bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by WIlliam and Mary.
- natural rights
- Life, liberty, and property.
- social contract
- The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government.
- ghazis
- A warrior for Islam.
- Great Trek
- A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.
- Jamestown
- The first successful British settlement in North America.
- Western Front
- Northern France with trenches
- Gutenberg Bible
- The first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press.
- Social Darwinism
- The application of Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies---particularly as justification for imperialist expansion.
- Catholic Reformation
- A 16th-century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation.
- Karl Marx
- A German journalist who introduced the world to Marxism via his pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. His belief was that the people should control the government in a "dictatorship of the proletariat."
- blockade
- The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region.
- radicals
- In the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people.
- enclosures
- One of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers.
- "Jewel in the Crown"
- The British nickname for India, considered the most valuable of all British colonies since India supplies Britain with raw factory materials and a large consumer market.
- Armistice
- Agreement to stop fighting
- scorched-earth policy
- The practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy cannot live off the land.
- Propaganda
- Information designed to keep support for your side in a war.
- Triple Alliance
- Germany, Austo-Hungarian Empire, Italy
- Council of Trent
- A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
- janissaries
- Members of an elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire.
- monarchy
- A government in which power is in the hands of a single person.
- indulgence
- A pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin.
- Maximilien Robespierre
- One of the main instigators of the French Revolution (lawyer) and eventually died by the guillotine.
- unions
- An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
- Declaration of Independence
- A statement of the reasons for the American colonies' break with Britain, approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.
- Christianity
- The monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus begun in the first century A.D.
- Unrestricted (submarine) warfare
- Germany would attack ships near Britain.
- Menelik II
- Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. In the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence.
- separation of powers
- The assignment of executive, legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of officials in a government.
- Romanticism
- An early 19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society.
- Trench warfare
- Armies lost huge numbers to gain small areas of land.
- Allies
- Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy