Medical Terminology Test 3 Chpts 11-14
Terms
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- Organs of the Endocrine System
-
Adrenal glands
Ovaries
Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Parathyroid glands
Pineal glands
Pituitary gland
Testes
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland - acr/o
- extremities
- aden/o
- gland
- adren/o
- adrenal glands
- adrenal/o
- adrenal glands
- andr/o
- male
- calc/o
- calcium
- crin/o
- secrete
- estr/o
- female
- glyc/o
- sugar
- glycos/o
- sugar
- gonad/o
- sex glands
- home/o
- sameness
- kal/i
- potassium
- natr/o
- sodium
- ophthalm/o
- eye
- pancreat/o
- pancreas
- parathyroid/o
- parathyroid gland
- pineal/o
- pineal gland
- pituitar/o
- pituitary gland
- somat/o
- body
- thym/o
- thymus gland
- thyr/o
- thyroid gland
- thyroid/o
- thyroid gland
- tox/o
- poison
- -crine
- to secrete
- -dipsia
- thirst
- -emia
- blood condition
- -tropin
- stimulate
- -uria
- urine condition
- Cortisol
- Regulates carbohydrate levels in the body
- Aldosterone
- Regulates electrolytes and fluid volume in body
- Androgen, estrogen, progesterone
- Responsible for reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics
- Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- Intensifies response during stress; "fight or flight" response
- Norepinephrine
- Chiefly a vasoconstrictor
- Estrogen
- Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in females; regulates menstrual cycle
- Progesterone
- Prepares for conditions of pregnancy
- Glucagon
- Stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood
- Insulin
- Administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetes or to treat severe type 2 diabetics.
- Parathyroid hormone
- Stimulates bone breakdown; regulates calcium level in the blood
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Regulates function of adrenal cortex
- Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Stimulates growth of eggs in female and sperm in males
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Stimulates growth of the body
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- Stimulates pigment in skin
- Prolactin
- Stimulates milk production
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Regulates function of thyroid gland
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
- Oxytocin
- Stimulates uterine contractions and releases milk into ducts
- Testosterone
- Promotes sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics in males
- Thymosin
- Promotes development of cells in immune system
- Calcitonin
- Stimulates deposition of calcium into bone
- Thyroxine
- Stimulates metabolism in cells
- Triiodothyronine
- Stimulates metabolism in cells
- Edema
- Condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid
- Exophthalmos
- Conditions in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Grave's Disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone
- Gynecomastia
- The development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal ferminization
- Hirsutism
- Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormonal imbalance.
- Hypersecretion
- Excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
- Hyposecretion
- Deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
- Metabolism
- Sum of all chemical and physical changes that take place in the body
- Obesity
- Having an abnormal amount of fat in the body
- Syndrome
- Group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition.
- Acidosis
- Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis
- Acromegaly
- Chronic disease of adults that results in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can also be mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult.
- Addison's disease
- Disease named for Thomas Addison, a British physician, that results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss.
- Adenocarcinoma
- A cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathogens.
- Adrenal feminization
- Development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
- Adrenal Virilism
- Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
- Cretinism
- Congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid may result in arrested physical and mental development.
- Cushing's syndrome
- Set of symptoms named after Harvey Cushing, an American neurosurgeon, that result from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. This may be the result of a tumor of the adrenal glands. The syndrome may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis.
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of a hormone by th eposterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There may be polyuria and polydipsia. This is more common in the young.
- Diabetes mellitus
- Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2.
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness.
- Dwarfism
- Condition of being abnormally short in height. It may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone.
- Gigantism
- Excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. The oppostie of dwarfism.
- Goiter
- Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
- Graves' Disease
- Condition named for Robert Graves, an Irish physician, that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Also called hyperthyroidism.
- Hashimoto's disease
- Chronic form of thyroiditis, named for a Japanese surgeon.
- Hyperthyroidism
- Condition that results from overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Also called Graves' disease.
- Hypothyroidism
- Result of a deficiency in secretion by the thyroid gland. This results in a lowered basal metabolism rate with obesity, dry skin, slow pulse, low blood pressurem sluggishness, and goiter. Treatment is replacement with synthetic thyroid hormone.
- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
- Also called Type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Persons with IDDM must take daily insulin injections.
- Insulinoma
- Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes an excessive amount of insulin.
- Ketoacidosis
- Acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can result in death for the diabetic patient if not reversed. Also called diabetic acidosis.
- Myxedema
- Condition resulting from a hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms can include anemia, slow speech, enlarged tongue and facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental apathy.
- Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- Also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. It develops later in life when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. Persons may take oral hypoglycemics to stimulate insulin secretion, or may eventually have to take insulin.
- Panhypopituitarinism
- Deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary-adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes.
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling.
- Pheochromocytoma
- Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea.
- Tetany
- Painful muscle cramps that result from hypocalcemia.
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Condition that results from overproduction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include a rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss.
- von Recklinghausen's
- Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which results in degeneration of the bones. Named for Friedrich von Recklinghausen, a German histologist.
- Basal Metabolic
- Somewhat outdated test to measure the energy used when the body is in a state of rest.
- Blood serum test
- Blood test to measure the level of substances such as calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose. Used to assist in determining the function of various endocrine glands.
- Fasting blood sugar
- Blood test to measure the amount of sugar circulating throughout the body after a 12-hour fast.
- Glucose
- Test to determine the blood sugar level. A measured dose of glucose is given to a patient either orally or intravenously. Blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine the ability of the patient to use glucose. Used for diabetic patients to determine their insulin response to glucose.
- Protein-Bound Iodine
- Blood test to measure the concentration of thyroxine circulating in the bloodstream. The iodine becomes bound to the protein in the blood and can be measured. Useful in establishing thyroid function.
- Radioactive-iodine Uptake
- Test in which radioactive iodine is taken orally (PO) or intravenously (IV). The amount that is eventually taken into the thyroid gland (the uptake) is measured to assist in determining thyroid function.
- Radioimmunoassay
- Test used to measure the levels of hormones in the plasma of the blood.
- Serum glucose
- Blood test performed to assist in determining insulin levels and useful for adjusting medication dosage.
- Thyroid Echogram
- Ultrasound examination of the thyroid that can assist in distinguishing a thyroid nodule from a cyst.
- Thyroid Function Test
- Blood test used to measure the levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream to assist in determining thyroid function.
- Thyroid scan
- Test in which a radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland. The gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors.
- Total calcium
- Blood test to measure the total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and bone disorders.
- Two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test
- Blood test to assist in evaluating glucose metabolism. The patient eats a high carbohydrate diet and fasts overnight before the test. A blood sample is then taken 2 hours after a meal.
- Chemical thyroidectomy
- Large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery.
- Iaparoscopic Adrenalectomy
- Excision of the adrenal gland through a small incision in the abdomen and using endoscopic instruments.
- Lobectomoy
- Excision of only one lobe of the thyroid gland.
- Parathyroidectomy
- Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This is performed to halt the progress of hyperparathyroidism.
- Thymectomy
- Removal of the thymus gland
- Thyroidectomy
- Removal of the entire thyroid or a portion (partial thyroidectomy) to treat a variety of conditions, including nodes, cancer, and hyperthyroidism.
- Thyroparathyroidectomy
- Surgical removal (excision) of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
- Corticosteriods
- Although the function of these hormones in the body is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism, they also have a strong anti-inflammatory action. Therefore they are used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term use of corticosteroids has adverse side effects such as osteoporosis and the symptoms of Cushing's disease.
- Epinephrine
- As a medication, epinephrine is used to constrict blood vessels and block severe allergic reactions.
- Human Growth Hormone Therapy
- Therapy with human growth hormone in order to stimulate skeletal growth. Used to treat children with abnormally short stature.
- Oral Hypoglycemic agents
- Medications taken by mouth that cause a decrease in blood sugar. This is not used for insulin-dependent patients. There is no proof that this medication will prevent the agent long-term complications of diabetes mellitus.
- Thyroid replacement
- Given to replace thyroid in patients with hypothyroidism or who have had a thyroidectomy.
- Vasopressin
- Given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.
- ACTH
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- ADH
- Antidiuretic hormone
- BMR
- Basal metabolic rate
- DI
- Diabetes Insipidus
- DM
- Diabetes Mellitus
- FBS
- Fasting blood sugar
- GH
- Growth hormone
- GTT
- Glucose tolerance test
- IDDM
- Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
- K+
- Potassium
- LH
- Luteinizing hormone
- MSH
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- Na+
- Sodium
- NIDDM
- Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- NPH
- Neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
- PBI
- Protein-bound iodine
- PRL
- Prolactin
- PTH
- Parathyroid hormone
- RAI
- Radioactive iodine
- RAIU
- Radioactive iodine uptake
- RIA
- Radioimmunoassay
- T3
- Triiodothyronine
- T4
- Thyroxine
- T7
- Free Thyroxine index
- TFT
- Thyroid function test
- TSH
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Organs of the Nervous System
-
Brain
Nerves
Spinal Cord - Cephal/o
- head
- Cerebell/o
- cerebellum
- cerebr/o
- cerebrum
- encephal/o
- brain
- gli/o
- glue
- medull/o
- medulla
- mening/o
- meninges
- myel/o
- spinal cord
- narc/o
- stupor
- neur/o
- nerve
- phas/o
- speech
- poli/o
- gray matter
- pont/o
- pons
- radicul/o
- nerve root
- thalam/o
- thalamus
- ventricul/o
- ventricle
- -algesia
- pain, sensitivity
- -esthesia
- feeling, sensation
- -kinesia
- movement
- -lepsy
- seizure
- -paresis
- weakness
- -phasia
- speech
- -plegia
- paralysis
- -sthenia
- strength
- -taxia
- muscle coordination
- frontal lobe
- most anterior portion of the cerebrum; controls motor function, personality, and speech
- parietal lobe
- the most superior portion of the cerebrum; receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language
- occipital lobe
- the most posterior portion of the cerebrum; controls vision
- temporal lobe
- the left and right lateral portion of the cerebrum; controls hearing and smell
- dura mater
- the name means tough mother; it forms a tough, fibrous sac around the CNS
- subdural space
- the actual space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers
- arachnoid layer
- the name means spider-like; it is a thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by web-like filaments
- subarachnoid space
- the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid
- pia mater
- the name means soft mother; it is the innermost membrane layer and is applied directly to the surface of the brain
- olfactory
- transports impulses for sense of smell
- optic
- carries impulses for sense of sight
- oculomotor
- motor impulses for eye muscle movement and the pupil of the eye
- trochlear
- controls oblique muscle of eye on each side
- trigeminal
- carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw
- abducens
- controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side
- facial
- controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior)
- vestibulocochlear
- responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing; also called auditory nerve
- glossopharyngeal
- carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue
- vagus
- supplies most organ in abdominal and thoracic cavities
- accessory
- controls the neck and shoulder muscles
- hypoglossal
- controls tongue muscles
- aura
- sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic
- chorea
- involuntary nervous disorder that results in muscular in muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
- coma
- abnormal deep sleep or stupor resulting from an illness or injury
- conscious
- condition of being awake and aware of surroundings
- convulsion
- severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations. these have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions.
- delirium
- an abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
- dementia
- progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing the activities of daily living. Patients have little awareness of their condition. Found in disorders such as Alzheimer's.
- focal seizure
- a localized epileptic seizure often affecting one limb.
- grand mal seizure
- a type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. It is also called a tonic-clonic seizure, indicating that the seizure alternates between strong continous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic).
- Hemiparesis
- weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body
- hemiplegia
- paralysis on only one side of the body
- intrathecal
- pertaining to within the meninges
- lethargy
- condition of sluggishness or stupor
- neurosurgeoun
- a physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means
- palsy
- temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement
- paralysis
- temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement
- paraplegia
- paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs
- paesthesia
- an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
- petit mal seizure
- a type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absennse of activity. It is also called an absence seizure.
- sciatica
- pain in the low back that raiates down the back of a leg caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve from a herniated nucleus pulposus.
- seizure
- sudden attack of severe muscular contractions associated with a loss of consciousness. This is seen in grand mal epilepsy.
- sleep disorder
- any condition that interferes with sleep other than environmental noises. Can include difficulty sleeping (insomnia), extreme sleepiness (somnolence), nightmares, night tremors, sleepwalking, and apnea.
- syncope
- fainting
- tic
- spasmodic, involuntary muscular contraction involving head, face, mouth, eyes, neck, and shoulders.
- tremor
- involuntary quivering movement of a part of the body
- unconscious
- condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli.
- Alzheimer's disease
- chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between 40 and 60. Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory. Named for Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist.
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease, after the New York Yankees baseball player who died from the disease.
- Astrocytoma
- Tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells.
- Bell's palsy
- One-sided facial paralysis with an unknown cause. The person cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression. The patient will eventually recover. Named for Sir Charles Bell, a Scottish surgeon.
- Brain Tumor
- Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant. A benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue.
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Localized abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel. A ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of a hemorrhagic.
- Cerebral contusion
- Bruising of the brain form a blow or impact. Symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock.
- Cerebral palsy
- nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect or trauma at the time of birth
- cerebrovascular accident
- Commonly called a stroke. The development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain. Blood flow can be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), a floating clot (embolus), a stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression. The extent of damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and often includes dysphasia and hemiplegia.
- Concussion
- Injury to the brain that results from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact. Can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock. Symptoms last 24 hours or less.
- Encephalocele
- Congenital gap in the skull with the brain protruding through the gap
- Epidural hematoma
- mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord
- Epilepsy
- Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.
- Guillan-Barre
- Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering. May be caused by an autoimmune reaction. Characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control in the arms and legs. Symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm.
- Huntington's Chorea
- Disease of the central nervouse system that results in progressive dementia with bizarre involuntary movements of parts of the body. Named for George Huntington, an American physician.
- Meningioma
- Slow-growing tumor in the meninges of the brain
- Hydrocephalus
- Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged. It is treated by creating an artifical shunt for the fluid to leave the brain.
- Meningocele
- Congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
- Migraine
- A specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, photophobia, vertigo, and nausea.
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves.
- Myasthenia gravis
- Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse.
- Myelomeningocele
- Congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
- Narcolepsy
- chronic disorder in which there is an extreme uncontrollable desire to sleep
- Parkinson's disease
- chronic disorder of the nervouse system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait. Named for Sir James Parkinson, a British physician.
- Reye's syndrome
- combination of symptoms first recognized by R.D.K. Reye, an Australian pathologist, in which there is acute encephalopathy and various organ damage. This occurs in children under 15 years of age who have had a viral infection. For this reason, it's not recommended for children to use aspirin.
- Shingles
- Eruption of vesicles on the trunk of the body along a nerve path. Can be painful and generally occurs on only one side of the body. Thought to be caused by the Herpes Zoster Virus.
- Spina Bifida
- Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close. Results in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele-meninges or the spinal cord being pushed through the opening. Can also result in other defects, such as hydrocephalus.
- Spinal Cord injury
- damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma. Spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed.
- Subdural hematoma
- mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma. May exert fatal pressure on the brain if the hematoma is not drained by surgery.
- tic douloureux
- painful condition in which the trigeminal nerve is affected by pressure or degeneration. the pain is severe stabbing nature and radiates from the jaw and along the face.
- Transient ischemic attack
- temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis. May eventually lead to a full-blown stroke (CVA).
- Babinski's reflex
- Reflex test developed by Joseph Babinski, a French neurologist, to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system. The Babinski reflex is present if the great toe extends instead of flexes when the lateral sole of the foot is stroked. The normal response to this stimulation is flexion of the toe.