Unit 5: Molecular Genetics
Terms
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- 1. Griffith 2. Avery 3. Franklin 4. Watson/Crick 5. Chargaff 6. Hershey-Chase
- 1.Used bacteria to kill mice 2.Put enzymes on ammonia 3.Looked at X-rays 4.Developed DNA model 5.Base pairing rules 6.Radioactive bacteria
- 5' vs. 3'
- 5'-end with the free phosphate group, 3'- free sugar.
- Anaphase I
- Chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell. 2n
- Anaphase II
- Chromosomes are pulled in half to opposite ends of cell. 2n
- Codon? Anticodon? Promoter?
- Codon- the 3 nucleotide sequence of RNA. Anticodon- 3 tRNA sequence complementary to the mRNA. Promoter- shows RNA polymerase where to stop.
- DNA Replication
- DNA helicase splits strand open. New strands are made 5'-3'. DNA polymerase adds and seals complementary nucleotides.
- DNA vs. RNA
- DNA is made of deoxyribose sugar, RNA ribose sugar, DNA is double standed, RNA is single, DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. DNA-nucleus, RNA-ribosomes.
- Haploid vs. Diploid
- Haploid-only contains one set of homologous chromosmes. Diploid contains boths sets.
- Homologous Chromosomes
- Two similar chromosomes, one from each parent.
- Metaphase I
- Chromosomes line up in midle spindle fibers attach to centromeres. 2n
- Metaphase II
- Chromosomes line up in middle of cell again. Spindle Fibers attach. n
- Mitosis, Meiosis Daughter cells Change in Chromosome # Number of Phases Number of cell divisions
- 2, 4 no, cut in half int. 4 cyto., inter. 8 sperm/oog. 1,2
- Mutation
- When a mistake happens in the translation or transcription of the DNA, can sometimes cause differences, sometimes not.
- Nucleotide
- Made of a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and 5-carbon sugar.
- Prophase I
- Chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs. 2n
- Prophase II
- Cell splits completely in half. n
- Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis
- Sperm.-last stage is spermatosoa when cells develop flagellip and different shape. Oog-last stage is Ova when cell splits and polar bodies are formed (unequal cytokinesis).
- TATGACGTAA (AUG=START ACG=JO UAA=STOP) Complemntary DNA sequence Transcribe Anticodons Translate
- TATGACGTAA ATACTGCATT U AUG ACG UAA UAC UGC AUU START-JO
- Telophase I
- Cell begins to split. 2n
- Telophase II
- The cell begings to divide. 2n
- Transcription
- Going from DNA to RNA, in the nucleus. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and opens it up. Then it lays down complementary nucleotides.
- Translation
- RNA to proteins. mRNA attaches to ribosmes, tRNA binds the appropriate amino acids to from a polypeptide.