WH2: Chapter 29
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- How did Amritsar massacre affect the movement for Indian independence?
- many indians called for full independence rather than limited self-rule within the British empire
- Francisco "Pancho" Villa
- hard-riding rebel from the north- fought for personal power but won the loyalty of his followers
- Ataturk
- Mustafa Kema, rules w/ iron hand
- 1941
- Pearl Harbor -> Japan bombs the shores of Hawaii
- 1915
- Twenty-one demands
- Zionist
- jewish nationalist
- How did nationalists deal with the Great Depression?
- demanded renewed expansion, and a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that provided the excuse to seize Manchuria
- What was racial segregation like in Africa?
- (1910-1940) whites impose racial segregation, goal was to ensure white econ. and pol. power + social supremacy
- Zionist Movement
- rebuild jewish state in palestine, migrate there soon and join small jewish communities
- Ahimsa
- nonviolence and reverence for life
- What reforms were made in Iran?
- inspired by Ataturks, won better oil terms, later share of money
- Why were many Arabs angered by decision made at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI?
- the mandate system kept their lands under European control.
- How did Gandhi organize the Salt March?
- to end British control of Indian textiles
- May Fourth Movement
- may 4th 1919, student protests in beijing, boycotting japanese goods, a cultural and intellectual ferment to strengthen china. (key role- joined marches, campaighned to end arranged marriages and foot binding)
- 1912
- educated Africans organize a political party known as the ANC
- Reza Khan
- An ambitious army officer -> overthrew the shah, sets up own PAHLAVI DYNASTY. rused to modernize (builds factories roads and railroads and strengthens the army, adopts western alphabet, clothes, schools)
- Negritude Movement
- french speaking writers in w. africa & carribeans expressed pride in African roots (Leopold Sengnor)
- 1929
- the PRI (institutional revolutionary party) is organized
- Mao Zedong
- communist who escaped Jiang's attack, unlike others, believed communism should support large peasant masses, redistribute land to peasants, offered schooling + heath care
- Satya-Graha
- nonviolence
- Describe three causes of the Mexican Revolution
- Reasants desired land, factory workers and miners wanted higher wages, middle-class liberals favored democracy
- Why did Africans resist colonial rule?
- kenya and rhodesia were forced off land, and forbidden to grown profitable crops, or forced to work on Euro. plantations, they grew only cash crops with led to fammine
- What liberal changes and economic growth happened in Japan?
- they moved towards a greater democracy, elected members of the diet, women- suffrage,
- What liberal changes occurred in Japan in the 1920's?
- experienced greater democracy as political parties grew stronger and elected members of the Diet exerted their power. By 1925 all adult men could vote. Women gained a few rights. the economy grew and an international agreement with Britain and the US limited naval power.
- What goals did Japaneses militarists pursue overseas?
- invaded China, hoping to build an Asian empire
- polygamy
- the fact or condition of having more than one wife or husband at once.
- Describe how nationalism affected Mexico.
- it led to th nationalizing of the oil fields and to a new pride in Mexican culture
- "Women's War"
- full fledged revolt. women armed with machetes and sticks mocked British troops and shouted at them
- Ultra-nationalist
- extreme nationalists
- nationalization
- government takeover of natural resources, allowed in the constitution of 1917
- How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?
- by wearing traditional cotton clothing made in India, by urgin others to do the same and by urging them to boycott British textiles
- Theodor Herzl
- responded to growing anthiseminism by founding zionist movement
- Muslim Brotherhood
- (1930's) fosters broad Islamic nationalism rejecting western cultures and denounced corruption in Egypt Gov.
- economic nationalism in Mexico
- emphasis on domestic control of the economy
- What social changes occurred in Mexico after 191?
- helped indians regain lost land, supported labor unions, fought against illiteracy, set up schools and librarys,
- Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: land
- permited the breakp of large estates, placed restrictions on foreigners owning land and allowed nationalization of natural resources
- Francisco Madero
- early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles
- apartheid
- racial separation and economic and political discrimination against non-whites a policy formerly practiced in the republic of South Africa (abolished in 1989)
- African National Congress
- political party (1912) worked through legal means protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans, it had no effect on sa's white government
- Moves to Independence in India
- Britain promised self-government after the war, 1885- congress party pressed for self-rule in br., af
- Reforms in Turkey
- adopted western calendar, opened secular schools and allowed women to work outside the home
- cultural nationalism
- pride in one's own culture
- W.E.B DuBois
- african american scholar and activist, organized 1st Pan-African congress, met in Paris
- Leopold Senghor
- part of negritude movement, which rejected negative vies of Africa, wrote "Black Woman", later takes role in Senegals drive to independence and would serve as it's 1st president
- Why did Jiang side with the Communists after 1931?
- Japan's invasion of China forced him to form a united front with the communist against invaders
- Jiang Jieshi
- (nationalist) Succeeded Sun (1925) energetic army officer, received military training in Japan and wanted to smash warlords and reunite China. 1926- march into north china, crushed warlords and advanced, capital Beijing, mid campaign-> strikes communism (threat to his power) 1927- Guomindang slaughters comm. members, thousands killed in Shanghai
- Civil Disobedience
- the refusal the obey unjust laws
- Mohandas Gandhi
- former lawyer who addapted the weapon of nonviolent resistance, he called it staya-graha
- Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?
- the 1917 Balfour Declaration supported establishing in Palestine " a home for jewish peopel", conflict erupted between resident Arabs and Jews, who began moving there.
- What were the goals of Sun Yixian?
- planned to raise an army, defeat the warlords and spread his government's rule over china. he hoped to rebuild China on the Three Principles of the People
- Diego Rivera
- socialist Mexican painter of murals (1886-1957)
- What goals did Japanese militarists pursue at hom?
- wanted to revive ancient warrior values, build a cult centered on the emperor, crack down on socialists and end most democratic freedom
- Describe three examples of the rise of nationalism in Africa.
- Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent. A Pan-African Congress called on Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans. Negritude writers awakened pride in African roots.
- Good Neighbor Policy
- Policy of Roosevelt's which led to the recall of US troops from Nicaragua and Haiti; supposed change in US interventionist policy in Latin America, which really represented no change in interests/involvement.
- Dhoti
- simple white garment, boycott of Br. textiles urged them to wear this
- Sun Yixian
- "father" of Chinese Revolution, new chinese republic took shape, set goal to catch up and surpass east and west powers. Qing Dynasty- collapse 1911, sun hoped to rebuild China on the three principles of the People, little progress happened
- Great Depression Effects on Japan
- economic disaster increased discontent of military officials, trade suffered, foreign cant afford silk, unemployment rose, nationalists demanded renewed expansion
- Venustiano Carranza
- conservative, became president of Mexico in 1917, also approved a new constitution
- US in the Mexican Revolution
- during and after WWI- investments by the US in nations of Latin American soared. During M.R- support leaders though to protect American Interests. 1914 us attacks Vera Cruz, 1916 invades after Pancho Villa kills imprisoned us sailors
- 1947
- Indian Independence
- PRI
- gov. leaders organize Institutional Revolutionary Party, dominated Mexican politics ever since, accommodates all groups, backs reforms
- Amritsar Massacre
- city in N. India, Commander General Reginald Dyer banned public meetings and arrived with 50 soldiers and no warning, in 10 minutes1,000 dead
- 1934
- Stalin launches the Great Purge, chineses communism make an epic retreat aka the Long March
- What were the two promises made the to Arabs during WWI?
- (1) could have own kingdom in former ottoman lands (2) 1917 balfour declaration- win suport of Euro Jews
- Zaibatsu
- influential families
- Diet
- Japanese Parliament
- Hirohito
- Emperor, resigned (1926-1989) japan experienced successes and tragedies
- Constitution of 1917
- addressed the three major issues of land, religion and labor
- Rape of Nanjing
- Dec. 13th 1937- Japan kills 100,000 people
- Egyptian Independence
- During WWI, Egypt was forced to give food and water to British Workers, war ends and they strike, br, stayed to guard suez canal, br- remained real power
- Zapatistas
- followers of Emiliano Zapata
- What were the goals of Mao Zedong?
- wanted peasant support to establish a communist China
- Reforms in Iran
- adopted western alphabet and secular law and built factories
- Manzhouguo
- puppet state set up by Japan after they conquered Manchuria
- What were the goals of Jiang Jieshi?
- wanted to reunite and rule China, defreating the local warlords, the communists and the Japanese
- Pan-Arabism
- arab nationalism, built on shared heritage of Arabs living in the Arbaian Peninsula to North Africa, mphasized common history and lang. sought to free Arabs from foreign dom.
- Long March
- (1934) Jiang Jieshi vs. Mao Zedong, 100,000 followers fled Geomindang, 20,000 people survived, stood a symbol of comm. heroism to chinese who opposed Guamin
- How did the new republic of China fall into chaos after 1912?
- in 1912 Sun Yixian resigned in favor of General Yuan Shikai. Yuan tried unsuccessfully to set up a new ruling dynasty with himself as emperor. After Yuan dies, local warloards battled for control, the economy collapsed and famine spread
- Pan-Africanism
- emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world
- Guomindang
- Nationalist party formed by Sun Yixian
- How did Franklin Roosevelt change United States policy toward Latin America?
- introduced the GNP under which troops were withdrawn from Haiti and NIcaragua and the PLatt amendement which limited Cuban independence was lifted
- Emiliano Zapata
- southern Mexico, led a peasant revolt, understood the misery of peasant villagers, followers call Zapatistas
- How did Africans resist the impact of colonialism?
- people squatted on European plantations, city workers formed labor unions, and they staged protests and occasionally as in the women's war revolted
- Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: religion
- made church land "the property of the nation"
- Muhammad Ali-Jinnah
- Muslim league leader, middle-class, studied law, 1st represented muslim intrest within the congress, later supported separate Muslim states
- Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed this issue: labor
- set a minimum wage for workers and protected their right to strike