Science Final
Terms
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- Observation
- the process of obtaining information by using the senses;the information obtained by using the senses
- Open System
- a system in which both energy,and matter are exchanged with the surroundings
- Bowen's Reaction Series
- A simplified pattern that explains the order in which minerals form as magma solidifies
- Intrusive
- rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface
- Orgain Sedimentary Rock
- sedimentary rock that forms from the remains of plants or animals
- Crystal Shape
- Certain mineral will always have the same shape depends on: Pressure and Temperature
- What does a rock have to go through to become an Igneous rock?
- Melting and Cooling
- Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts called...
- Minutes
- Astronomy
- the scientific study of the universe
- 2 ways sedimentary rocks form
- Cementation and compaction
- List 2 examples of map directions and symbols
- Directions- Compass rose and Cardinal Symbols- Legend and Scale
- Name the 3 compositinal zones
- Crust, mantle, and core
- Longitude
- the angular distance east or west from the prime meridian, expressed in degrees
- Hypothesis
- an idea or explanation that is based on observations and that can be tested
- Name the 6 kinds of Silicate arrangements
- Isolated, Ring, Single-Chian, Double- Chain, Sheet, and Framework
- Name 3 different cultures that helped make science what it is today
- Greeks- Complied a catalog of rocks and minerals Mayans- tracked the movements of the sun, the moon,and the planets at observations China- began keeping records of earthquakes
- Name some of the special properties
- Flourescence, Phosphorescence, Asterism, and Double Refraction
- Name the 3 types of rocks and how they are formed
- Igneou- Forms when magma cools and hardens Sedimentary- Forms when sediment deposites are compressed or cemented together and hardened Metamorphic- when existing rock is altered
- Name the 4 cycles and the overall idea of them
- Nitrogen, Carbon, Phosporus, and Water - Whatever you start with will eventually cycle around and come back again
- Matter
- anything that has mass and takes up space
- Fractional Crystallization
- the crystallization and removal of different minerals from the cooling magma
- Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts called...
- Seconds
- What are the 3 things that make up an atom
- Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
- Sorting
- the tendency for currents of air or water to seperate sediments according to size
- Atomic Number
- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
- Name the sources of Magnetic field
- Iron and nickle
- What are the 2 kinds of minerals?
- Silicate and nonsilicate
- Clasic Sedimentary Rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together
- Physical Stability
- natural zone of weakness- depends on where and how it is formed
- Foliation
- the metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands
- Meridian
- any semicircle that runs north or south around Earth from the geographic south pole; line of longitude
- Precision
- the exactness of the measurment
- Food Web
- a diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem
- Accuracy
- how close a measurment is to the true value of the thing being measured
- Ionic Bond
- the attractive force between oppositely charged ions that result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
- Cartographer
- scientists who makes maps
- Independent Variable
- in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated
- Homogeneous
- mixtures in which 2 or more substances mix thouroghly
- Contour line
- a line that connects points equal elevations in a given area
- Prime meridian
- 0 degrees; runs throgh Greenwich,England
- Element
- a substance thta cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
- Geomagnetic
- the areas on Earth's surface just above where the poles of the imaginary magnet; where the compass points
- Theory
- explanation that is consistant with all existing test and observations
- Geologic map
- designed to show the distribution of geologic features
- Geology
- the scientific study of the orgin, history, and structure of Earth and the process that shapes Earth
- Luster
- the way in which a mineral reflects light
- Cleavege
- the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surface
- Name the 3 types of scales
- Graphic, fractional, and verbal
- 2 types of metamorphisism
- Contact- change due to contact with magma and Regional- changes in tmperature and pressure
- What are 3 factors of a balanced ecosystem
- Producer, Consumer, and decomposer
- Mixture
- a combination of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined
- Name the 7 Physical properties
- Streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, density, hardness, and crystal shape
- Name and describe the 4 spheres of the Earth
- atmosphere- a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon, hydrosphere- the portion of the Earth that is water, Geosphere- mostly solid/from the center core to the crust, biosphere- the part of the Earth where life exists
- Index contour
- every 5th contour line bolder than the four lines on each side of it
- Soil map
- used to classify, map, and describe soils
- Ion
- a particle such as atom or molecule, that carries a charge
- Mineral
- a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly structur, and a characteristic set of physical properties
- Elevation
- the height of an object above sea level
- Name and describe the 4 branchs of Science
- Geology- study of the orgin, history, and structure of the Earth, Astronomy- the study of the universe, Oceanography- the study of the ocean and life in it, and Meteorology- the study of Earth's atmosphere
- Heterogeneous
- mixtures in which 2 or more substances are not uniformly distributed
- Geographic
- our true North and South Poles
- Streak
- The color of a mineral in powdered form
- Atomic Mass
- the sum of neutrons in an atom
- Extrusive
- rock that forms form the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface
- Food Chain
- the sequence in which organisms consume other organisms
- Physical Properties
- characteristics that can be observed without charging the comporition of the substance
- Chemical Properties
- characteristics that describe how a substance reacts with other substances to produce different substances
- What are the 4 questions of Criteria?
- Is it inorganic, Does it occur naturally, Is it a crystalline solid, and Does it have a consistent chemical composition
- Topographic
- the size and shape of the lands surface features of a region, including its relief
- Isograms
- a line on a map that represents a constant or equal v alue of a given quantity
- Nonfoliated
- the metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are NOT arranged in planes or bands
- An objects weight depends on its...
- mass and its distance from Earth's center
- What does a rock have to go through to become a Metamorphic rock?
- Chaning temperature and pressure
- Molecule
- the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance's chemical properties
- Covalent Bond
- a bond that is formed by the attraction between atoms that share electrons
- Peer Review
- the process in which experts in a given field examine the results and conclusions of a scientist's study before that study is accepted for publication
- Isotope
- an atom that has the same number of protons as the other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons
- What are the 2 main energy sources?
- Exerternal- sun Internal- core
- Partial Melting
- the process by which different minerals in rock melt at different temperatures
- Solution
- homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances that are unifomly dispersed throughout the mixture
- Closed System
- a system in which energy, but not matter are exchanged with the surronding
- Relief
- the difference between the highest and lowest elevations in a given area
- Chemical Stability
- a measure of the tendency of a chemical compound to maintain its original chemical compositon rather then break down to form a different chemical
- Meteorology
- the scientific study of Earth's atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate
- Density
- the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance
- Name the 5 structural zones
- Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesophere, outer core, and inner core
- Name 2 ways that a cartographer gets their information
- Field Survey and Remote Sensing
- Hardness
- Resistance to break
- In the rock cycle what process does a rock have to go through to become a Sedimentary rock?
- Erosion, deposition, and cementation
- Oceanography
- the scientific study of the ocean and the life in it
- Fracture
- the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces
- Atom
- the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element
- Dependent Variable
- in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors (independent variable)
- Latitude
- the angular distance north or south from the equator; expressed in degress
- Name the 2 compositions of Igneous Rock
- Felsic and Mafic
- What is the size and shape of the Earth?
- From pole to pole the circumference is 40,007km and its equatorial circumference is 40,074km the shape is oblate spheroid
- Valence electrons
- an atom's chemical properties are largely determined by the number of the outer most electrons in an atom's electron cloud
- Chemical Sedimentary Rock
- sedimentary rock that forms when menerals precipitate from a solution or settle from a suspention