Virology For REAL cu dental

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A virus is made up of ________ & _________: genes (RNA or DNA) & protein-containing coat
One (complete) virus particle: Virion
A virus is an __________ parasite: intracellular
viruses are _____-_____ times smaller then the cells they infect: 100-1000
The smallest virus: parvovirus (20 nm)
The largest virus: poxvirus (300 nm)
The ability of viruses to pass through ______ is used to ID an unknown infectious agent as a bact or virus.: filter
The viral genome can be ______ or ______ stranded: double, single
The viral genome can have 3 basic morphologies: linear, circular, segmented
Retroviruses have a ______ genome: diploid (2 identical copies of the genome - i.e. HIV)
The _____ is the association between nucleic acid & basic proteins either coded by the virus or histones from the host cell: core
The association of core proteins & the genome is required to _______ the viral genome during viral ______ & virion _______: condense, assembly, formation
The protein shell directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid.: Capsid
The complete protein-nucleic acid complex that is the packaged from of the genome in a virus particle: Nucleocapsid
The capsid & nucleocapsid are composed of ___ or at most ___ different kinds of proteins in a crystalline array. Why?: 1, a few. Small genome - rest of genome for intracellular activity
The lipid bilayer & associated glycoproteins that surround many types of virus particles: Envelope
Protein or glycoprotein structure(s) which emanates from the surface of the virus particle: Spikes
Virion structural protein which locates on the cytoplasmic side of the transmem glycoprotein spike. It attracts the completed nucleocapsid for mem fusion.: matrix protein
The structure of the capsid &/or envelope (spikes) has important implications for (3 things): adsorption, hemagglutination (used for ID), recognition of viruses by neutralizing antibodies
The symmetry observed w/ cylindrical viruses (like a slinky): Helical symmetry
The simplest viral symmetry (proteins bind to nucleic acid not a capsule): Helical symmetry
The capsid of a virus composed of many copies of a single kind of protein subunit arranged in a close-packed helix: Helical symmetry
Helical symmetry examples (5): influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, poxviruses (also tobacco mosaic virus - non animal)
Can helical particles form w/o the genome?: No
Symmetry observed w/ spherically shaped viruses. Involves the packing together of many identical subunits. (soccer ball): Icosahedral symmetry (or cubic symmetry)
Morphological subunits that can be seen when capsid is broken (hard to "see" in an intact virus). Surface structures composed of 5-6 protein molecules: Capsomeres
Enveloped virus w/ icosahedral symmetry, the _____ is surrounded by the ________. An example is ______: capsid, envelope, herpes
Enveloped virus w/ helical symmetry, the _____ is coiled w/in the ________. An example is ______: Nucleocapsid, envelope, orthomyxoviruses (influenza)
No clearly identifiable capsid. But several coats around the nucleic acid. An example is _______: Complex virion, poxviruses
Steps to multiply a virus: cell entry, genome replication, viral particle assembly, Egress (escape from host cell)
What definition? The kinds of tissue cells and animal species that a virus can productively infect.: Host Range
What definition? The spectrum of cells which can be productively infected by a given virus.: Tissue tropism
What definition? The capacity of a cell or animal to become infected.: Susceptibility
Cells that become immediately infected are susceptible cells at the ______ ___ __________.: Portal of Entry
What are the cells called that are targeted by the virus and result in clinical disease?: Target cells (ie CNS and HSV)
T or F: Sometimes the target cells are at the portal of entry.: TRUE (ie, influenza, gets into airway and stays there)
What determines host range? (2 things): 1. Cellular Receptors (specificity of attachment); 2. Host intracellular factors
Name the 5 types of Infections:: 1. Productive; 2. Abortive; 3. Latent; 4. Viral transformation; 5. Lytic
What type of infection: The infection of a receptive cell with a virus particle which results in the MULTIPLICATION of infectious viral progeny.: Productive
What type of infection: The infection of a cell which does NOT result in the multiplication of infectious viral progeny.: Abortive
What type of infection: The virus persists in the cell in a noninfectious form.: Latent
What type of infection: The abnormal growth of cells resulting from the continuous expression of one or more viral genes.: Viral Transformation
What type of infection: The infection and subsequent lysis of susceptible cells by a virus.: Lytic
What is the singlemost important thing produced by viruses that gives them the ability to multiply and determines the fate of the infected cell?: The synthesis and function of the VIRAL PROTEINS
The reproductive cycles of ALL viruses exhibit what common feature?: One-step growth curve
T or F: Growth and assay of viruses requires a high multiplicity of infection (MOI): TRUE
What definition: The characteristic morphological changes which occur in the cell due to the infection of a particular virus.: Cytopathic Effect (CPE)
T or F: All viruses produce Cytopathic effect (CPE): False; most do but not all
What is the plaque assay used for?: To determine viral titres; PFU's (show and tell)
What are three methods to use in growth and assay of viruses?: Cytopathic Effect (CPE); Plaque Assay; Molecular techniques (PCR)
What is PCR?: Exponential (2^n) amplification of DNA
What are the 3 steps in PCR?`: 1. Denature DNA template; 2. Anneal primers to the DNA template; 3. Primer extension reaction; (after, you run through this cycle tons of times to get lots of copies of the DNA template)
What are the 3 general stages of initiation of infection?: 1. Adsorption (attachment); 2. Penetration; 3. Uncoating
In the process of adsorption, what are the cellular receptors composed of?: glycoproteins
Viral _________ are examples of antireceptor molecules: spikes
What is adsorption enhanced by?: multiplicities of attachment and receptor proteins
Differences in host range and tissue tropism are due most often to the presence or absence of ___________.: receptors
How do neutralizing antibodies work?: They are specific for an antireceptor on a virus.
T or F: Penetration is energy dependent (not that type of penetration sickos): TRUE
What are the three types of entry?: 1. Translocation; 2. Receptor-mediated endocytosis; 3. fusion
What type of entry: entire virus crosses plasma membrane (non-enveloped): Translocation
What type of entry: results in accumulation of virus particles inside cytoplasmic vesicles (ie influenza this way): Receptor mediated endocytosis
What type of entry: Virion envelope fuses with cellular membrane: Fusion; (ie herpes, measles, HIV)
T or F: The virus can begin replication prior to dismantleling.: False; virus must dismantle first.
What is the process called in the removal of the protective envelope and/or capsid?: Uncoating
The influenza virus is critically dependent on what in order to un-coat and begin replicating?: A low pH. The acidified endosome of receptor-mediated endocytosis releases the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm.
What is the portion of the cell membrane called that breaks off and surrounds the virus during receptor-mediated endocytosis?: The endosomal vesicle (or just endosome) **It is acidic, which is critical in the release of the nucleocapsid in the influenza virus.
What is the portion of the virus called that is surrounded by the envelope?: The nucleocapsid
What process does the Herpesvirus undergo to enter the cell and undergo de-coating?: Membrane fusion
During membrane fusion, the _________ fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell, thus releasing the __________ into the cell.: Envelope; Nucleocapsid
What is the KEY event in virus replication?: The synthesis of viral proteins (utilizing the host's protein synthesizing machinery)
Most RNA viruses replicate in the ___________.: cytoplasm
Most DNA viruses replicate in the ___________.: nucleus (except poxviruses)
In order for the virus to replicate, what must it present to the cell?: A viral specific mRNA that the cell can recognize and then translate.
mRNA strands have a ______ polarity.: (positive) +
RNA molecules which are complementary to mRNA have a ______ polarity.: Negative -
The coding DNA strand is always a ________ polarity.: Negative -
What is the process in RNA that removes intervening sequences that do not encode for protein product?: Splicing
What is a long polypeptide chain that is translated from a single transcript with a single ribosome binding site?: Polyprotein
T or F: During encapsidation, self-assembly of component parts occurs in a random fashion: False; it's a stepwise and ordered fashion
During encapsidation, Individual structural subunits or protomeres are preformed into __________ in preparation for final assembly.: Capsomeres
What is the location in the cell where assembly initiates?: The Packaging Site
Where does assembly take place for the herpes virus?: In the Nucleus
Where does assembly take place for the influenza virus?: Cytoplasm
What stages make up the "eclipse (flat line)" state of the one-step growth curve?: Uncoating, replication and assembly, & maturation
What are the 2 ways for release of the virus from a cell?: Cell death--for naked capsid viruses that lack a lysis mechanism (don't need protection of envelope; Budding--acquire their membrane by budding either through the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane (herpes), or golgi or early endosome network (poxvirus)
T or F: The process of viral budding alone will cause cell death.: False; The loss of normal cellular function required for survival is what leads to death.
T or F: Retroviruses can reproduce without cell death.: True, in certain cell types
Which virus(es) are: double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in the nucleus (circular or linear) (3): Herpesvirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus
Which virus(es) are: double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm?(1): Poxvirus
Which virus(es) are: Single-stranded DNA virus? (1): Parvovirus
Which virus(es) are: Positive-strand RNA virus coding for one genome-sized RNA? (2): Picornaviruses, Hepatitis C
Which virus(es) are: Positive-strand RNA virus coding for one or more subgenomic mRNAs? (4): Coronavirus, Togavirus, Calicivirus, Hepatitis E
Which virus(es) are: Retrovirus (1): HIV
Which virus(es) are: Non-segmented negative-strand RNA virus (3): Paramyxoviruses (RSV, Measles, Mumps), Rhabdovirus, Filovirus
Which virus(es) are: Segmented Negative Strand RNA virus (1): Orthomyxovirus (influenza)
Which virus(es) are: Double-stranded RNA virus? (2): reovirus, rotavirus
Which virus(es) are: Relaxed circular, partially duplexed DNA virus? (1): HBV
What are the five patterns of Viral Pathogenesis?: 1. Acute infection; 2. Latent infection; 3. Chronic Infection; 4. Slow Chronic infection w/out acute infection (ie prions) 5. Transformation (ie Cancer)
Which pattern of viral pathogenesis? Viral infection which is rapidly cleared by host immune response.: Acute infection
Which pattern of viral pathogenesis? Follows acute infection, virus persists in noninfectious form w/ intermittent periods of reactivation & shedding.: Latent infection
T or F: Latent infection viruses (Ie HSV) can cause a productive infection in some cells while simultaneously are latent in other cells: True; (ie epithelial cells & neuronal tissue for HSV)
Which pattern of viral pathogenesis? Follows acute infection, infected cell survives resulting in low level persistent viral production.: Chronic infection
Which pattern of viral pathogenesis? Only one involving prions (no known viruses cause this type of infection).: Slow chronic w/out acute infection
Which pattern of viral pathogenesis? The abnormal growth of cells resulting from the continuous expression of one or more viral genes; cancer.: Transformation
Retroviruses and all major groups of DNA viruses EXCEPT ____________ are associated with the pattern of pathogenesis ____________.: parvoviruses; transformation
What virus? Large, Enveloped icosahedral capsid, Double-stranded linear DNA, Replicates in the nucleus.: Human Herpesviruses
Name the 3 subfamilies of Herpesviradae:: 1. Alphaherpesvirinae; 2. betaherpesvirinae; 3. gammaherpesvirinae
List the herpesvirinae groups in order of most variable host range to most limited host range.: Alpha (most variable), Beta, Gamma(most limited
Where does the alphaherpes establish latency?: Primary sensory ganglia
Where does the betaherpes establish latency?: secretory glands, lymphoreticular cells, kidneys, and other tissues
Where does the gammaherpes establish latency?: Lymphoid tissue
Which has a longer reproductive cycle? Alpha or beta herpes?: Beta
Which herpes readily establishes carrier cultures?: Beta
Which herpes is specific for either B or T Lymphocytes?: Gamma
Herpes uses the host cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to synthesize ________.: mRNA
In herpes, What does the last cycle of mRNA transcript encode for?: The viral structural proteins. (goes thru 2 or 3 cycles of transcription first)
Where does Herpes double-stranded DNA replicate?: In the Nucleus
What are the 3 common names of the alpha subfamily herpes?: HSV 1, HSV 2, Varicella-Zoster (VZV)
What are the 2 common names of the gamma subfamily herpes?: Epstein Barr Virus, Kaposi's sarcoma
What is the common name of the beta subfamily of herpes?: cytomegalovirus (CMV)
How is herpes transmitted?: direct contact (saliva, vagina, lesion fluid)
What causes herpes to reactivate?: stress; immune suppression
How does herpes avoid antibodies?: by cell to cell spread (syncytia)
What is required for resolution of herpes?: cell-mediated immunity (limited role for antibodies)
T or F: Herpes has a seasonal incidence: FALSE
T or F: Only select few of the stages of viral replication could be a target for antiviral therapy.: False; theoretically any stage could
Name the antiviral: Guanosine analog, takes advantage of thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase to inhibit viral replication: Acyclovir
What virus? Non-enveloped icosahedral capsid, Double stranded circular DNA, Replicates in the nucleus: Human papillomavirus (HPV)
T or F: Genital warts and non-genital warts are the same type of HPV: False; they differ
How is HPV transmitted?: contact
What could happen if you just so happen to ACCIDENTALLY aspirate cervico-vaginal secretions infected with HPV?: Laryngeal disease
What is the incubation period for HPV?: 3 months to years
T or F: HPV can be treated with antivirals: FALSE
Which serotypes of cervical cancer are caused by HPV?: 16 and 18
What oral manifestations can HPV have?: oral benign epithelial tumors
What virus? Icosahedral capsid, enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA, Acquire envelope by budding into intracellular vesicles, not at the cell surface: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
What is the #1 cause of liver transplantations in the US?: HCV
There are how many people infected w/ HCV in the US?: 4 million (1 in 70-100) Numbers baby.
How is HCV transmitted?: blood (ie needlesticks)
T or F: HCV can be asymptomatic: TRUE
What 3 types of disease can HCV cause?: Acute (15%), Chronic (70%, 20-40% progress to cirrhosis & liver failure), Rapid cirrhosis (15%) (5% develop cancer after 30 years)
T or F: HCV can be managed by antivirals.: FALSE
T or F: There is no vaccine for HCV.: TRUE
What can you use to treat HCV?: Interferon alpha, and ribavarin
What virus? Helical, single strand positive RNA, enveloped: Coronavirus
What virus is associated with SARS?: coronavirus
T or F: SARS virus is localized to upper respiratory tract: TRUE
What is SARS-CoV?: a coronavirus
How are coronaviruses (SARS) spread?: Aerosols and large droplets
What is the first symptom of SARS?: High fever (> 100.4 F), then headaches, discomfort, body aches
As a symptom of SARS, about 10-20% of people also have ________.: diarrhea cha cha cha
T or F: Most SARS patients normally develop pneumonia.: TRUE
T or F: There are antivirals that effectively treat SARS.: FALSE
What Virus? Positive single-stranded RNA (diploid), Icosahedral capsid, Enveloped, Reverse Transcriptase (RT): RNA-dependent DNA polymerase: HIV
Regarding HIV infection, what is the purpose of the GENOMIC RNA?: To serve as a template for the synthesis of viral DNA
What primary infection results in mononucleosis-like syndrome?: HIV
What effect does the initial immune response have on HIV infection?: Restricts viral infection but contributes to pathogenesis
What is the terminal stage of an HIV infection?: AIDS
How is HIV transmitted? (think magic johnson and Paul): Sex and blood
T or F: HIV infection only can occur if the virus is transferred via a transport (ie. already within another cell, macrophage, lymphocyte, etc.).: False; infection with free virus also occurs.
The viral tropism for HIV is for _____________________.: CD-4 expressing T-cells, macrophages
Is HIV infection a Lytic infection or persistent?: Both. Causes a Lytic infection in CD-4 T-cells, but low level persistent infection in macrophage lineage cells
What is syncytia?: When HIV fuses to uninfected cells, forms multinucleated cells (giant cells)
T or F: HIV has one positive strand of RNA and one Negative strand of RNA.: False; has two separate strands of positive RNA
T or F: Host cells lack reverse transcriptase (RT⬦cold in here? Sorry chase): TRUE
What is Reverse Transcriptase (RT)?: a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase capable of synthesizing a negative strand DNA molecule from the positive strand RNA template.
What two critical things must HIV have packaged together?: The positve RNA template and Reverse Transcriptase
What are the 6 key steps to HIV replication?: 1) Synthesis of a DNA(-) complementary to the genomic RNA (by RT); 2) Digestion of the RNA strand of the RNA/DNA hybrid (by Rnase H); 3) Syntheis of the complementary strand (+) of the viral DNA (by RT); 4) Integration of the ds linear DNA molecule into the host genome (by integrase) 5) Synthesis of essential viral proteins and viral genomic positive strand RNA are directed by the integrated DNA genome; 6) Final stages of Replication--produce infections virions
T or F: HIV is good at manipulating hosts proteins.: TRUE
How is HIV released after final assembly has taken place?: budding
What enzymes are targets for HIV chemotherapy?: RT, Integrase, Protease
What is the purpose of protease (in regards to HIV): required by virus to process precursor proteins; required to reinitiate infection
What does the drug Enfuvirtide do?: inhibits gp41-mediated fusion (fusion inhibitor)
What is AZT (zidovadine, ZDV, Retrovir)?: Thymidine analog, inhibits RT
AZT has ____ fold affinity for RT than cellular DNA.: one hundred
What is the difference in the way AZT uses enzymes as compared to Acyclovir?: AZT is activated by CELLULAR enzymes, while acyclovir is activated by VIRALLY ENCODED enzymes.
How has resistance developed in AZT?: mutations in RT
What is any drug that ends in "INE"? (ie Zacitabine, didanosine, Zidovadine, etc.): An inhibitor of RT
What are the Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors?: Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz (these attach to RT and inhibit its action)
Which stages of the replication cycle, early or late, do protease inhibitors inhibit?: Late stages
What do protease inhibitors do?: inhibit production of mature, infectious virus particles, indirectly block RT because RT is not cleaved and remains inactive
What is any drug that ends in "VIR"? (ie Saquinavir, Amprenavir, etc.): Protease inhibitor
T or F: HIV drugs can be combined to increase effectiveness.: TRUE
What virus? Single-stranded negative RNA, Helical Symmetry, Enveloped: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
What on the measles virus causes cell fusion and giant cell formation, allowing the virus to pass from cell to cell and escape antibodies?: Surface glycoprotein (Fusion; F)
Measles occur primarily in _________.: children
Measles are especially contagious in the ________ period _______ the rash.: 2-3 day; prior to
How is measles spread?: respiratory droplets
What is the incubation period for measles?: 10-14 days
T or F: Measles is totally eradicated.: False; still major killer of child. In developing countries
What are the oral lesions that are associated with measles called?: Koplik's Spots: enanthem (lesions on the mucous membranes) in the mouth
Symptoms of what disease? High fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza (runny nose), photophobia, maculopapular rash: Measles
When does the maculopapular rash in measles appear?: 12-24 hrs after Koplik's spots
Most cases of RSV occur in __________.: children
RSV causes _________ respiratory tract disease, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.: Lower
How is RSV transmitted?: close physical contact: hands, fomite, close respiratory contact, very contagious
What is used to treat RSV?: Ribavarin
What is used to prevent RSV in high risk patients?: Immune globulin (RSVIG) w/ high titre anti-RSV antibody
How do infants take ribavarin to treat RSV?: Have to inhale it.
What virus? Segmented negative strand RNA, Helical Symmetry, Enveloped: Influenza
Which glycoproteins are present on the surface of Influenza virus?: Hemagglutinin (HA), Nueraminidase (NA)
What is the target for influenza antivirals?: M2 that forms an ion channel (which is required for uncoating of virus)
In an average year about ____ to _____% of the population get the flu: 5 to 20
How is influenza transmitted?: airborne respiratory droplets
where does flu infection begin?: URT, can spread to LRT
What is the incubation period for flu virus?: 24-48 hours (important, because this is the period if you want to use an antiviral)
Flu symptoms usually resolve within ___ to ____ days.: 4 to 7
What causes the systemic symptoms of the flu?: inteferon and lymphokine response
T or F: bacterial pneumonia can develop secondary to the flu: TRUE
What is the part of the flu virus that makes it very distinct from other viruses?: M2 protein, which forms an ion channel (important for antivirals--target)
What are the steps (4) of infection and replication for influenza?: 1) synthesis of mRNAs from each segment by a viral specific RNA dependent RNA polymerase; 2) Synthesis of viral proteins from these mRNAs. 3) Synthesis of positive strand RNA segments that serve as template for negative strand progeny RNAs; 4) Packaging of progeny virus
T or F: antivirals are effective against influenza even after the RNA has been released into the cell.: False; have to take w/in 24-48 hrs, before this happens
T or F: enzymes (HA and NA) in flu virus can undergo mutation.: TRUE
Reassortment is a _______ shift, while mutational drift is a _________ shift. (occurs in influenza): Major; minor
What is the definition of epidemic? Pandemic?: local dissemination; worldwide dissemination
T or F: Flu vaccine is perfect every time: false; educated guess
Why is the flu vaccine an educated guess?: Because you can't predict the exact reassortment the virus will undergo.
T or F: Bird virus and Human virus can mix genes (undergo reassortment): True; this is the bird flu scare
What antivirals are used for influenza?: Amantadine and Rimantadine (tolerated at high dose)
How do antivirals work to inhibit flu infection?: Block M2 protein FOLLOWING penetration, and PRIOR to RNA replication
How does influenza develop resistance to antivirals?: mutations in the M2 protein
What do the new drugs Zanamivir and Oseltavivir (tamiflu) do?: inhibit neuraminidase
What does neuraminidase (NA) on influenza do?: Helps viruses "break apart" (important, because two viruses stuck together aren't infectious--important for drug therapy)
Why was there a sudden peak in influenza resistance to rimantadine and amantadine in 2003 (mainly in China)?: Because of the SARS scare, everyone took tons of these drugs over the counter (even though it doesn't help with SARS⬦.idiots!! Gosh!!)
What virus? Genome in a relaxed circular partially duplexed DNA (3.2 kb), replicates in the nucleus, has an RNA intermediate, enveloped, tissue tropism in the liver.: Hepadnavirus B (HBV)
What is the virion of HBV called? (national board question): Dane Particle
What are the largest particles produced by the infected cells (from HBV)?: Dane particles
Which particles produced by HBV-infected cells are the infectious particles?: Dane particles
How many particles does an HBV-infected cell produce?: three
What common antigen to the particles produced by HBV-infected cells have on the envelope?: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg)
What is HbcAG?: hepatitis b core antigen
Detection of both HBsAg and HBeAg in the blood indicates _____________.: Active infection
(HBsAG/HBeAg) is the best correlate to the presence of infectious virus (HBV).: HBeAg
A chronic infection (of HBV) can be distinguished by the continued finding of __________, ___________, or both and a lack of detectable ___________ to these antigens.: HbeAg, HbsAg, antibody
What is the major source of the infectious virus HBV?: blood (ie needlesticks, injections); other sources: semen, saliva, milk, vaginal and menstrual secretions, amniotic fluid: **VIA SEX OR BIRTH**
Where does HBV virus replicate?: in the liver (w/in 3 days of infection)
T or F: HBV can be asymptomatic (chronic): TRUE
Symptoms of HBV infection appear in about _____% of the patients: twenty five
T or F: HBV is characterized by a short incubation period.: False; long incubation
Fulminant hepatitis occurs in ___% of patients and may be ______.: 1; fatal
(Acute/Chronic) infection of HBV occurs in about 5-10% of the population.: Chronic
____ of patients w/ chronic HBV infection have continued liver destruction, cirrhosis, liver failure or primary hepatocellular carcinoma; _____ of patients have chronic passsive hepatitis and don't have as many problems.: 1/3; 2/3; Basically know that MOST pts w/ chronic HBV have a passive chronic infection.
What is responsible for causing the symptoms in HBV infections?: Cell-mediated immunity and inflammation
What is responsible for effecting resolution of HBV infection by elimination infected hepatocyte?: Cell-mediated immunity and inflammation
T or F: Hepatitis B encodes a reverse transcriptase.: TRUE
What definition? Host encoded proteins produced in response to viruses, synthetic nucleotides, and foreign cells: Interferons
T or F: Interferons are viral specific: False; they are HOST specific, not viral specific
What interferon is licensed for tx of chronic hep b and c infections?: INF-alpha-2b

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