4th six weeks
Terms
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- Booker T. Washington
- An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights. In 1881 he founded , the Tuskegee Institute
- Homestead Strike
- The workers at a steel plant in Pennsylvania went on strike, forcing the owner to close down. Armed guards were hired to protect the building. The strikers attacked for five months, then gave in to peace demands
- Triangle Shirtwaist Company
- 1911 NYC ;; fire burned 146 ppl
- Menlo Park
- 2 irish immigrants bought land erected a gate with a wooden arch bearing the inscription "Menl
- George Custer
- a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point,
- Samuel Gompers
- President of the AFL, he combined unions to increase their strength
- Angel Island
- Inspection station for immigrants arriving on the West Coast
- the Maine
- An explosion from a mine in the Bay of Havanna crippled the warship Maine. The U.S. blamed Spain for the incident and used it as an excuse to go to war with Spain.
- Pullman car
- used by pullman
- tenement housing
- apartment housing
- robber baron
- The owners of big businesses who made large amounts of money by cheating the federal government
- trusts
- Combinations of companies forming monopolies
- New Nationalism
- Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
- monopoly
- exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it
- Teddy Roosevelt
- president 1901-1909 a natrualist, was sickly as a child and stayed inside and focused on school. he loved to be outside and challange himself.Roosevelt supposrted pure food and drug law, created the Burea of Corporations to inspect business earnings, prohibited discrimination by the rairoads, and enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act. He changed the nation's foreign policy by making it more imperialistic and adding new lands like Hawaii.
- The Grange Movement
- A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party
- chain store
- are retail outlets that share a brand and central management, and usually have standardized business methods and practices
- WIlliam James
- Wrote Principles of Psychology, one of first textbooks
- political machine
- is a disciplined political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters
- J.P. Morgan
- John Pierpont Morgan took over the Susquehanna and Albany railroads. He won the confidence of European investors and used them for investment capital. He then took over steel companies and bought Carnegie's interests in steel. This was the largest personal financial transaction in U.S. history. Morgan combined the companies to form the U.S. Steel Company, the world's first billion dollar corporation. Eased the Panic of 1873.
- Jay Gould
- a man who was rich and invested in stocks
- Wounded Knee
- Formed in 1968 by urban Indians who seized the village to bring attention to Indian rights. This 71-day confrontation with federal marshalls ended in a government agreement to reexamine treaty rights of the Ogalala Sioux.
- Ellis Island
- an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States
- progressivism
- the political orientation of those who favor progress toward better conditions in government and society
- New Freedom
- Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
- Spanish American War
- (1898) War in which Spain lost all its recognition but America became recognized as a superpower
- Walter Rauschenbusch
- New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions
- Ghost Dance Movement
- was a religious movement incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems. The traditional ritual used in the Ghost Dance, the circle dance, has been used by many Native Americans since prehistoric times
- Munn v. Illinois
- The Supreme Court ruled that an Illinois law that put a ceiling on warehousing rates for grain was a constitutional exercise of the state's power to regulate business. It said that the Interstate Commerce Commission could regulate prices.
- skyscraper
- is a tall, continuously habitable building
- Lochner v. New York
- The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours a baker could work each week. By a 5-4 margin, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that the law was necessary to protect the health of bakers, calling it an "unreasonable, unnecessary and arbitrary interference with the right and liberty of the individual to contract.
- Margaret Sanger
- United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood
- Homestead Act, 1862
- Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration
- DeLome Letters
- A private letter written by Enrique Depuy de Lome, Spainish Minister to U.S, critized President Mckinley call him "weak" and "a bidder for the admiration of the crowd"
- mass production
- the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)
- stalwarts
- Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield's term; they supported Cleveland.
- captain of industry
- business leader
- buffalo soldier
- freemen and Black Civil War soldiers, were the first to serve during peacetime.
- Niagara Movement
- Insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education
- Jane Addams
- In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English
- Morrill Land Grant
- Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges
- Pure Food and Drug Act
- Federal statute that prohibits selling bad food and establishes meat inspection. Leads way for the Food and Drug Administration
- Dawes Act, 1887
- Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators
- social gospel
- A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
- John Dewey
- United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952), He transformed more educational ideas at the University of Chicago. He said that a just & harmonious society could be built though the intelligent application of scientific method to social problems.
- Haymarket Riot
- 100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.
- 17th ammenment
- gave the power to elect senators to the people
- muckraker
- one who spreads real or alleged scandal about another (usually for political advantage)
- W.E.B. Dubois
- A black orator and eassayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations
- Great Railroad Strike of 1877
- large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men
- Socialism
- an economic theory advocating collective ownership of factories, mines and other businesses
- social darwinism
- Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
- Louis Sullivan
- Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.
- Credit Mobilier scandal
- charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project.
- Birth of a Nation
- Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
- 16th ammendment
- The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
- Seward's Folly
- was the purchase of Alaska from Russia. Although seen as a foolish purchase, this added more land and available resources to the U.S.
- Plessy v. Ferguson
- Plessy was a black man who had been instructed by the NAACP to refuse to ride in the train car reserved for blacks. The NAACP hoped to force a court decision on segregation. However, the Supreme Court ruled against Plessy and the NAACP, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality
- Square Deal
- Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers
- James Blaine
- The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan-Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.
- Mother Jones
- United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)
- william jennings byan
- Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist Party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. He later served as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State (1913-1915).
- Hull House
- Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English
- Upton Sinclair
- muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.
- Frederick Winslow Taylor
- (1856-1915) "One Best way" labor productivity could be improved by scientifically determined management practies gave him name "father of Scientific mgmt" Assumed that people were rational(Motivated by self-interest) Saw firm as having fixed resources (pie)
- Little Big Horn
- General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
- Edward Bellamy
- he created a Utopian novel which predicted the U.S. woudl become a socialist state in which the government would own and oversee the means of production and would unite all people under moral laws
- half breeds
- Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party.
- mckinley tariff act
- A highly protective tariff passed in 1880. So high it caused a popular backlash which cost the Republicans votes.
- Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
- Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less pay
- Federal Aids Road Act
- which dedicated $5 million to help states build new roads.
- Jacob Riis
- Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel
- Cornelius Vanderbilt
- A railroad baron, he controlled the New York Central Railroad
- Bull Moose Party
- The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.
- yellow journalism
- Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the time.
- coxey's army
- Group of unemployed workers who marched from Ohio to Washington to draw attention to the plight of workers and to ask for government relief. Government arrested the leaders and broke up the march in Washington
- Robert Lafollette
- an American politician who served as a U.S. Congressman, the 20th Governor of Wisconsin (1901-1906), and Republican Senator from Wisconsin (1905-1925). He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.
- American Federation of Labor
- began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different unions
- Hepburn Act 1906
- This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.
- Thomas Nast
- Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed
- conservation
- (physics) the maintenance of a certain quantities unchanged during chemical reactions or physical transformations
- Frederick Jackson Turner, fronteir thesis
- American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems
- NAACP
- worked to gain equal rights for African Americans
- Queen Liliukalani
- Queen of Hawaii who gave the U.S. naval rights to Pearl Harbor in 1887. Deposed by American settlers in 1893
- Andrew Carnegie
- donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society. Owned a steeling company
- Pullman Strike, 1894
- George Pullman's "model town", it began when Pullman fired three workers on a committee. Pullman refused to negotiate and troops were brought in to ensure that trains would continue to run. When orders for Pullman cars slacked off, Pullman cut wages, but did not cut rents or store prices.
- settlement house
- which offered social services often targeted towards the urban poor
- vertical integration
- describes a style of managment focusing on all processes of finalizing the product
- Bessemer process
- Bessemer invented a process for removing air pockets from iron, and thus allowed steel to be made. This made skyscrapers possible, advances in shipbuilding, construction, etc
- Rough Riders
- Theodore Roosevelt formed the to fight in the Spanish- American War in Cuba. They charged up San Juan Hill during the battle of Santiago. It made Roosevelt popular, volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War
- William Seward
- An eager expansionist, he was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal often called "Seward's Folly" because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act
- New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions
- 18th ammendment
- Prohibited the manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages
- Election 1912
- wilson beat roosevelt and taft
- Tin Lizzie
- nickname for the Model T Ford
- Alfred T. Mahan
- officer in the u.s. navy, taught at the naval war college
- Jim Crow Laws
- State laws which created a racial caste system in the South. They included the laws which prevented blacks from voting and those which created segregated facilities.
- Immigration Restriction League
- was founded in 1894 by three Harvard College graduates because they felt threatened by immigration
- Open Door Policy
- A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
- San Juan Hill
- Site of the most famous battle of the Spanish-American war, where Theodore Roosevelt successfully leads the Rough Riders in a charge against the Spanish trenches
- Muller v. Oregon
- woman need to work shorter hours because of child baring and house holds n wut not
- John D. Rockefeller
- formation of the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and became very wealthy
- graft
- Justified bribery or cheating
- horizontal integration
- owning n focusing on one aspect of the product
- Emilio Anguinaldo
- philipino rebel leader who believed that the U.S had promised independence
- National Labor Union
- Established 1866, and headed by William Sylvis and Richard Trevellick, it concentrated on producer cooperation to achieve goals
- John Hay
- Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal
- oligopoly
- A market dominated by a small number of participants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices.
- Mugwumps
- were Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.
- populist party
- peoples party
- Eugene V. Debs
- Socialist who included unskilled and semi skilled workers in unions
- Tuskegee Institute
- the first formal school for blacks formed by booker t. washington
- Josiah Strong
- In this book, Strong argued that the American country and people were superior because they were Anglo-Saxon
- Helen Hunt Jackson
- A muckracker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act
- Women's Trade Union League
- securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. establish better working conditions
- Sitting Bull
- was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man, born near the Grand River in South Dakota and killed by reservation police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.
- trust
- head over corporations dat was over da same industry
- poll tax
- Voters had to prove basic literacy to be entitled to vote. Because of poor schools, Blacks were often prevented from voting. Grandfather clause: Said that a person could vote only if their grandfather had been registered to vote, which disqualified Blacks whose grandparents had been slaves. Poll taxes and White primaries were other methods used to keep Blacks from voting
- Boxer Rebellion
- 1900 - a secret Chinese society called the Boxers because their symbol was a fist revolted against foreigners in their midst and laid siege to foreign legislations in Beijing.
- Interstate Commerce Act, 1887
- A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.
- New Nationalism
- Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice
- Boss Tweed
- Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft
- sherman anti trust act
- A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies, it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade
- Gifford Pinchot
- He campaigned for conservation, planned, regulated use of the nation's forest lands for various public and commercial purposes.