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Terms
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- Gupta Empire
- created 500 years after the Mauryan empire; ruled from 320 A.D. to 540
- Hinduism
- a major religion and religious tradition of South Asia, the oldest worldwide religion, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a large pantheon of gods and goddesses
- Delhi Sultanate
- created by the Sultan Mahmud; lasted from 1206 AD to 1526 AD; the first Muslim empire in India
- Specialization of labor
- individuals could specialize in different types of jobs; it was no longer necessary for one individual to learn how to do every kind of work
- Siddhartha Gautama
- was a spiritual teacher from ancient India and the founder of Buddhism
- Hajj
- 5th pillar of Islam; pilgramage to Mecca
- Chandragupta
- an adventurer who forged the first Indian empire
- Abraham
- a historical Jewish figure who lead the people to Canaan and taught of 1 divine God
- Aryan Migration
- a nomadic tribe that settled into villages
- Marco Polo
- An Italian Merchant who made it to China and described wealth and slender of China in his writings; Mongols
- Moses
- A historical Jewish figure that lead the people out of Egypt, gave them the 10 Commandment, lead them to the Holy Land, and was in direct contact with God
- Shiite
- a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendents of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders
- 5 pillars of Islam
- the principles by which Muslims live their lives
- Macao
- region of Southeastern China made up of a peninsula and 2 islands, a Portuguese territory from the mid- 1800s to 1999; Manchus
- Ramayana
- a great epic of the Hindu religion and of classical Sanskirt literature that teaches about ethics, right and wrongs, and values
- cuneiform
- in the ancient Middle East, a system of writing that used wedge-shaped marks
- grand canal
- linked the Huang and Chang Rivers; ran North to South; result: goods from South could easily be shipped to North; Song
- Rabbi
- Someone that studies and teached torah
- Taj Mahal
- a tomb built by Shah Jahan for his wife
- daoism
- the goal of this philosophy is to live in harmony with nature; Zhou
- David
- Ancient king of Israel
- Genghis Khan
- cheif of mongols; under his rule Mongols conquered empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe; Mongols
- Mosque
- Muslim house of worship
- ancestor worship
- the name, given by the westerners, of the practice of honoring their ancestor's spirits by offering sacrifices of food and necessities; Shang
- Yin and Yang
- linked to Earth, darkness and female forces; stood for Heaven, light and male forces; Zhou
- Harappa
- large ancient city of the Indus civilization, located in present-day Pakistan
- Monotheistic
- believing in one God
- declaration of faith
- 1st pillar of Islam; "There is no God but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God"
- daily prayer
- 2nd pillar of Islam; pray five times a day, ritual washing, face Mecca
- dynasty
- ruling family
- Zheng He
- Chinese admiral of many overseas ventures; lead important explorations and trading voyages; Ming
- Patriarchal
- relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority
- Solomon
- Son of David who took over and built the first temple in Jerusalem
- apostles
- leader of teacher of a new faith or movement
- Ten Commandments
- Tablet of moral and religious rules given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai
- Rig-Vedas
- an Aryan collection of hymms, chants, ritual instructions, and other religious teachings
- Diaspora
- the spreading of the Jews beyond their historic homeland
- Jesus
- believed to be the Messiah of christianity
- Islam
- the monotheistic religion that developed from Judaism and Christianity, in which followers believe they should serve God by following the five pillars
- Sultan
- Muslim ruler
- Destruction of the Temple
- The destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (built by Solomon), built and destroyed multiple times, all that is left today is the western wall
- Akbar the Great
- the cheif builder of the Mughal empire; very tolerant of other religions
- Mecca
- a city in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of the prophet Muhammad and most holy city for Islamic people
- Buddhism
- a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desires
- Sumer
- site of the world's first civilization, located in southeastern Mesopotamia
- River Valley
- early civilizations developed on the valley or banks of the rivers for transportation, regular water supply, and more
- silk road
- a network of trade routes that linked China and the west; Han
- Mauryan Empire
- an empire ruled by the Mauryan dynasty the ruled over a vast part of India; began in 321 B.C.
- Matriarchal
- relating to a society in which women hold the greater legal and moral authority
- Upanishads
- the teachings that interpret the Vedas to those that do not know it; a sermon
- Four Noble Truths
- as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism
- Kublai Khan
- Genghis Khan's grandson; ruled all of China as well as Korea and Tibet; Mongols
- Paul
- one of the most important people for spreading christianity
- Mughal Empire
- Muslim empire that ruled most of nothern India from the mid- 1500s to the mid- 1700s; also known as the Mogul or Mongol empire
- heresy
- religious belief that is contrary to the official teachings of a church
- Brahman
- in the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power that resides in all things
- Fasting
- 4th pillar of Islam; fast from sunrise to sunset for 29-30 days
- Prophet
- spiritual leader who interprets God's will
- charity
- 3rd pillar of Islam; zakat, a portion of one's excess money goes to charity to help poor people
- Umayyads
- Members of the Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled a Muslim empire from 661 to 750
- Paleolithic
- the era of prehistory that lasted from at least 2 million B.C. to about 9000 B.C.; also called the Old Stone Age
- Messiah
- savior sent by God
- meritocracy
- people who earn their government positions by ability; Han
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- Mesopotamian narrative poem that was first told in Sumer
- Mesopotamia
- region withing the Fertile Crescent that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- Hammurabi's Code
- an ancient Babylonian law code
- Ka'ba
- the most sacred temple of Islam; located at Mecca
- Babylonian Captivity
- Exile of the Jews from Babylon
- Asoka
- the most honored Maurya emporer; Chandragupta's grandson
- Karma
- in Hindu belief, all the actions that affect a person's fate in the next life
- Reincarnation
- in Hindu belief, the rebirth of the soul in another bodily form
- legalism
- a way of ruling that passed strict laws and imposed harsh punisments to insure order; Qin
- Bhagavad-Gita
- the most celebrated section of the Mahabharata; a group of teachings that teaches about the reincarnation of the soul
- Filial Piety
- respect for parents and older siblings; Zhou
- Mohenjo-Daro
- ancient city of the Indus civilization, located in present-day Pakistan that was thought to rule the area after Harappa
- Sikhism
- religion founded by Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs
- Vedic Age
- between 2000 and 1500 BC, a group of civilized people, the Indo-Europeans or the Aryans, entered India through the Himalayas
- Pax Mongolica
- The period of peace within the Mongolians; established by the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan; Mongols
- Muhammad
- Muslims believe to be God's last and greatest prophet, spread the teachings of Islam, was born in Mecca
- Dharma
- in Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties
- analects
- the collection of Confucius' ideas and sayings, collected by his students; Zhou
- Hierarchy / Social stratification
- any system of persons or things ranked one above another
- martyr
- a person who suffers or dies for his or her beliefs
- Minaret
- slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to prayer
- Abbasids
- dynasty that ruled in Bagdad from 750-1258
- great wall of China
- small walls built to defend individual land; connected by workers; ordered to be connected by Shi Huangdi; was not impenitrable; Qin
- Eightfold Path
- as taught by the Buddha, the path one must follow to achieve nirvana
- civil service system
- officials in the government win their positions by merit rather than family ties; Han
- tributary states
- independent state that has to acknowlegse the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler; Tang
- Mahabharata
- one of India's two great national major poems, a story about two clans that helps to understand more about the Aryans
- Muslim
- followers of Islam
- Shi Huangdi
- First emperor of Qin dynasty whose methods were brutal, but he set in China's classical age (set framework for later cultures); Qin
- Sunni
- a member of one of the largest Muslim sects; believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammad as recorded by his early followers
- Koran
- the holy book of Islam
- Covenant
- a binding agreement, specifically, in the Jewish tradition, the binding agreement God made with Abraham
- mandate of heaven
- as long as government kept people happy, heaven would not withdraw its support (floods, faminel, other catastrophes were signs that a dynasty has lost this)
- Nirvana
- in Buddhist belief, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth
- Torah
- The most sacred text of the Hebrew Bible, including its first five books
- Ahimsa
- Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life
- Jainism
- an ancient branch of Hinduism that rejects the notion of a supreme being and advocates a deep respect for all living things
- Feudalism
- loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord; Zhou
- Atman
- in Hindu belief, a person's esstential self
- Golden Age
- period of great cultural achievement
- empire
- a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler; Tang
- Medina
- a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached
- dynastic cycle
- rise and fall of Chinese dynasties according to the mandate of heaven; Zhou
- civilization
- a complex, highly organized social order
- Pope
- head of the Roman Catholic Church; in ancient Rome, bishop of Rome who claimed authority over all other bishops
- Urbanization
- movement of people from rural areas to cities
- Caliph
- successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
- Peter
- one of Jesus' apostles
- Synagogue
- place of Jewish worship
- New Testament
- the book of stories for the christians
- Bureaucracy
- a system of government that includes different job functions and levels of authority; Han
- Talmud
- a book of rabbi's writing on the rules of the torah
- Hijra
- Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
- Caste system
- in traditional Indian society, a system of unchangeable social groups into which a person is born
- Moksha
- in Hindu belief, the ultimate goal of existance, which is to achieve union with brahman
- Neolithic
- the final era of prehistory, which began about 9000 B.C.; also called the New Stone Age
- Polytheistic
- believing in many gods
- warlords
- a local military ruler; Sui
- Sharia
- body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life
- confucianism
- a philosophy developed by Confucius that focused on ensuring social order and good government; Zhou