SS Chapter 10
Terms
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- the arabian peninsula is the crossroads between what 3 continents?
- africa, europe, and asia
- nomads of the Arab desert organized into tribes and groups called clans
- bedouins
- bedouin ideals
- courage and loyalty to family, warrior skills
- where did trade routes go to?
- connected arabia to the major ocean and land trade routes-ran from extreme south of the peninsula to the byzantine and sassanid empires to the north
- what did the arabs transport on the trade routes?
-
spices and incense from yemen and other products
also carried information and ideas from the world outside arabia - what were 2 cities that were prosperous trading centers on the caravan routes?
- petra and palmyra
- how was mecca important on the trade route?
- caravans stopped in mecca during holy months to worship at a holy shrine in the city.
- ka'aba
- a simple house of worship in mecca--associated w/ abraham, believer in one god
- allah
- arabic god
- hanifs
- people who believed in one god
- where was muhammad born?
- mecca
- how old was muhammad when he heard the voice?
- 40
- what does muslim mean?
- "one who has submitted"
- muslim
- people who agreed to the basic principle that there is only one god
- what does islam mean
- "submission to the will of allah"
- khadijah
- muhammads wife
- when did muhammad leave mecca
- 622
- what was his migration called
- Hijrah
- where did he migrate to?
- yahthrib
- what else is this city called?
- medina
- what does medina mean?
- "city of the prophet"
- what did muhammad do in medina?
- became political leader and eventually military leader in hostilities between mecca and medina
- why did muhammad return to mecca
- its power declined
- what did he do there?
- took oer the city and destroyed the idols in the ka'aba
- umma
- muslim religious community
- qur'an
- the holy book of the muslims
- what do muslims believe happens when you die?
- each person will stand before allah and enter either heaven
- what are the five pillars
- five duties that all luslims have to carry out to demonstrate their duty to the will of God
- name five pillars
-
1. faith
2. prayer
3. alms
4. fasting
5. pilgrimage - faith
- have to tesity simple statement of faith that says there is no god but allah and muhammad is the messenger of allah
- prayer
- muslims face towards mecca and pray five times a day
- alms
- all muslims must give money for the poor
- fasting
- muslims must fast between dawn and sunset in the holy month of ramadan
- pilgrimage
- all muslims must perform hajj, pilgrimage to mecca, at least once in a lifetime
- mosque
- islamic house of worship
- hajj
- pilgrimage to mecca muslims must make at least once in their lifetime
- when do muslims pray?
- friday afternoons
- what cant muslims eat or drink?
- meat, wine, or any other intoxicating beverage
- ulama
- scholar class concerned with learning and law
- angel of gabriel
- according to islamic belief, muhammad expressed his will through this angel who revealed it the muhammad as the qur'an
- what does mosque mean
- "place of kneeling to god"
- what language is the qur'an in?
- arabic
- sunna
- muhammads example; the best model for proper living
- shari'a
- system of laq that regulates the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of muslims
-
qur'an is to muslims as
___ is to jews
____ is to christians - 1. torah and gospels
- name the similarities between jews christians and muslim?
-
1. qur'an-word of God revealed to muslims
torah and gospels-word of god revealed to moses and new testament writers
2. all religions believe in heaven and hell and a day of judgment
3. all htree trace ancestry to abraham
4. all three are monotheistic - who became the first caliph
- abu-bakr
- what does caliph mean?
- "successor" or "deputy"
- who were the next three caliphs after abu-bakr
- umar, uthman, and ali
- what did they have in common?
- they all had known muhammad and supported his mission. they used the qur'an and muhammads actions as a guide
- what were they knwn as
- the "rightly guided" caliphs
- what was their rule callled
- a caliphate
- what did umar conquer?
- syria, lower egypt (part of byzanteen empire), parts of persian empire
- how did abu bakr reunify the arabs?
- on the basis of loyalty to islam
- what was the inspired conquest?
- atlantic ocean to borders of india
- what were the reasons for success of conquest?
-
1. weakness of persian and byzantine empires
2. welcomed as relief from harsh rule
3. efficient fighting methods - how were conquered people treated?
-
special tax on non-muslims
monotheists tolerated - what triggered the civil war?
- murder of uthman
- when did the caliph electeive system die?
- when ali was assassinated
- what family came to power next?
- umayyads
- what kind of succession did they set up?
- hereditary
- where did they move the capiral to?
- damascus
- how did this help?
- made controlling conquered territories easier
- shi'a
- group who believed that the caliph needed to be a relative of the prophet
- what does shi'a mean?
- "party" of Ali
- sunni
- those who did not outwardly resist the rule of the umayyads
- what does sunni mean?
- followers of muhammads example
- sufi
- reacted to luxurious life of umayyads by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to spiritual path
- who took control after the umayyad caliphate downfall?
- abbasids
- berbers
- muslims from north africa whoconquered by spain
- tariq
- berbers powerful military leader
- at what battle were the berbers halted?
- battle of tours
- what muslim state in southern spain did they form?
- al-Andalus
- where did the abbassids move the capital?
- to baghdad
- why was it good?
- it was located on a key trade route
- what kind of gov. did they create?
- a stron bureaucracy
- what is one independent muslim state that sraing when abbassid leaders failed to keep completely political control of the territory?
- fatmid dynasty
- what was it named after
- muhammads daughter fatima
- what were the two major sea-trading zones
-
1. mediterranean sea
2. indian ocean - why was this trade route so easy?
-
they needed one language, arabic
they needed one currancy, the abbasid dinar to travel from cordoba to bahgdad and on to china - how did muslims encourage the flow of trade?
- they set up banks
- sakks
- like checks
- cordoba
- city in al-Andulus
- who is majority and who is minority: shi'ites and sunni?
-
sunni-majority
shi'ite=minority - what was damascus known for?
- cloth called damask and for outstaniding steel swords and armor-centerof islamic learning
- umayyad capital
- cordobo
- fatmid capital
- cairo
- abbasid capital
- bahdad
- 4 social classes
-
1. upper class-muslims at birth
2. 2nd class-converts
3. thiird class-"protected people"
4. slaves - muslim women
- had marriage family and property rights
- house of wisdom
- combination library, academy, and translation center opened in baghdad by caliph a'ma'mun
- physician who wrote wrote Comprehensive Book and Treatise on Smallpox and Measles
- al-Razi
- mathematician who studied algebra
- al-khwarizmi
- matematician who created book called Optics about how rays pass from peoples eyes from objects
- Ibn al-haytham
- ibn rushd
- tried to harmonize his writings w/ greek and such
- what were sufis known for?
- their poetry that ofcuseed on mystical experiences w/ god
- one thousand and one nights
- collection of entertaining stories that included fairy tales, parables, and legends
- why did islam forbid depiction of lviing things?
- said only allah could create life
- calligraphy
- art of beautiful handwriting
- architecture
- blended different cultues, like byzantene and roman